Toward an Integrated Framework for Language Testing and Intervention

An integrated framework for language testing and intervention with a paradigm T??LI?T? was proposed and illustrated. The proposed framework combines approaches from Error Analysis, Need Analysis and Systems Instruction. The operation of the framework was illustrated based on the data derived from a corpus consisting of the transcripts of hundred (100) students from a college in Yola metropolis. The transcripts were analyzed using the COMPFORM-MARKCHART method of error correction. The test served as a pre-intervention language test and the first component of the framework (T?). The result of the analysis was then used to design the ERROR PROFILE of the students. Based on this profile, a Language Intervention technique (LI) comprising of two sub-components was designed; that is Language Teaching for Common and Specific Errors [LTCSE] and Language Task for Specific Students [LTSS]. The last component of the framework is a post language intervention test [T?] which was designed to test the efficacy of the language method/approach adopted. The paper concludes with a discussion on the prospects of the framework within the context of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL).Keywords: Pretest, language Intervention, Post-test, EDP, LTCSE, LTSS.

Toward an integrated Framework for Language Testing and Intervention

An integrated framework for language testing and intervention with a paradigm was proposed and illustrated. The proposed framework combines approaches from Error Analysis, Need Analysis and Systems Instruction. The operation of the framework was illustrated based on data derived from a corpus consisting of the transcripts of hundred (100) students from a college in Yola metropolis. The transcripts were analyzed using the COMPFORM-MARKCHART method of error correction. The test served as a pre-intervention language test and the first component of the framework (T?). The result of the analysis was then used to design the ERROR PROFILE of the students based on which a Language Intervention technique (LI) comprising of two sub-components: Language Teaching for Common and Specific Errors [LTCSE], and Language Task for Specific Students [LTSS] was designed. The last component of the framework is a post language intervention test [T?] which was designed to test the efficacy of the language method/approach adopted. The paper concludes with a discussion on the prospects of the framework within the context of Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL)

Reexamination of Bargaining Power in the Distribution Channel under Possible Price Pass-through Behaviors of Retailers (Bayesian approaches and statistical inference)

This research aims to gain deeper insight into the determinants of relative power within the distribution channel. We formulate bilateral bargaining under the generalized Nash bargaining. However, when the retailers think retail price increase can be passed on to their customers, we expect them to engage less in vigorous bargaining. We thus allow for the possibility that the retailers can pass through the price increase negotiated with manufacturers to its customers and that the manufacturers are well aware of such behavior by the retailer. As a result, the parties' bargaining powers are determined endogenously not only from the substitution patterns of their customers but also from the willingness of their customers to accept the retail price increase triggered by the wholesale price increase negotiated between the retailer and the manufacturer. In this manuscript, we present the theoretical result on the barganing power in the distribution channel under this expanded framework

Structuring Team Teaching to Enhance Teaching and Learning of Literature-in English and English Language in Secondary Schools

The prospects of team teaching in enhancing language teaching and learning in the secondary school was examined. An integrated framework with a structural paradigm [T??LI?T?] proposed by Kamai & Badaki (2011) was adopted as a framework for the study. The data was derived from a pre-intervention test [T?] where seven (7) English language teachers of Concordia College, Yola, Nigeria were constructively assessed while teaching English language and Literature in English in their various classes and the performance of students in pre and post Language Intervention [LI] tests. A post-test[T?] indicated that team teaching was responsible for the enhanced performance of students. Equally, the results of the teacher evaluation show that team teaching  provides opportunity for teachers to identify their strengths  and weaknesses. The study concludes that team teaching is a relevant technique for enhancing the teaching and learning of English and literature in the secondary schools. Keywords: Integrated Language Framework , Language Intervention ,Team Teaching, Secondary School

Searching for MHz gravitational waves from harmonic sources

A MHz gravitational wave search for harmonic sources was conducted using a 704 h dataset obtained from the Holometer, a pair of 40 m power recycled Michelson interferometers. Our search was designed to look for cosmic string loops and eccentric black hole binaries in an entirely unexplored frequency range from 1 to 25 MHz. The measured cross-spectral density between both interferometers was used to perform four different searches. First, we search to identify any fundamental frequencies bins that have excess power above 5σ. Second, we reduce the per-bin threshold on any individual frequency bin by employing that a fundamental frequency and its harmonics all collectively lie above a threshold. We vary the number of harmonics searched over from n = 4 up to n = 23. Third, we perform an agnostic approach to identify harmonic candidates that may have a single contaminated frequency bin or follow a power-law dependence. Lastly, we expand on the agnostic approach for individual candidates and search for a potential underlying population of harmonic sources. Each method was tested on the interferometer dataset, as well as a dark noise, photon shot-noise-limited, and simulated Gaussian-noise datasets. We conclude that these four different search methods did not find any candidate frequencies that would be consistent with harmonic sources. This work presents a new way of searching for gravitational wave candidates, which allowed us to survey a previously unexplored frequency range