Bounds of triple exponential sums with mixed exponential and linear terms

We establish bounds of triple exponential sums with mixed exponential and linear function. The method we use is by Shparlinski together with a bound of additive energy from Roche-Newton, Rudnev and Shkredov.Comment: Corrected a typ

STEM Education For Girls Of Color

Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields struggle to increase recruitment and retention of girls of color. The dominant framework in STEM education is the pipeline which assumes girls in general lack motivation and interest to persist in STEM fields. Recent public discourse shifts to address institutionalized discrimination and systemic barriers in STEM culture that filter out underrepresented populations. Informal education or complementary learning STEM programs offer alternative opportunities for students to explore outside of rigid school academic and social systems. Few articles look specifically at STEM complementary learning programs, and even fewer focus on the effects on girls of color. This research is a quantitative study to categorize existing mission statements and training behind organizations that provide STEM programs. The results will provide a better understanding of the relationship between practices of STEM education organizations and the programs they create. Diversity training and inclusive language in mission statements had weak correlations with increased cultural responsiveness in the program offerings. The results suggest organizations must be more intentional and explicit when implementing diversity goals

Developing a Measurement Scale for Cruising Motivations

Although motivation has been extensively studied in the tourism literature, the discussion of motivation has not been expanded to cruise tourism. Following Churchill’s (1979) recommended measurement scale development procedures, this study seeks to develop a measurement scale for cruising motivation. The final scale was deemed to be both reliable and valid. It is suggested that this study will serve as a stepping stone to further investigations on cruising motivations

Investigating the role of motivation, opportunity and ability (MOA) on travel intentions: An application of the MOA model in cruise tourism

Decision-making has been studied extensively in tourism literature. Different models and theories have been proposed to explain travel decision-making. Taking another approach, this study applies the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) model in cruise tourism to study the influential factors of travel intentions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were adopted. The study results indicate that the MOA model is an acceptable model for explaining travel intentions

Developing an alternative model for travel decision-making

This study proposes an alternative travel decision making model and situates its arguments in the Motivation-Opportunity-Ability (MOA) theoretical construct. The MOA model suggests that motivation, opportunity, and ability are major factors influencing decision making. Applying this model in the context of tourism, the proposed model suggests that travel behaviors are determined by self-congruity, functional congruity, perceived travel constraints, constraint negotiation, and self-efficacy. The proposed model and hypotheses were tested in the context of cruise travel. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies were utilized in this study. Semi-structured interviews with both cruisers and non-cruisers were first conducted to derive measurement items for the interested constructs and to understand how different factors influence travel decision making. An online panel survey was followed to collect quantitative data for testing the proposed theoretical model and hypotheses. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test both the proposed model and hypothesized relationships among the constructs. The analyses were performed with Analysis of MOment Structures (AMOS 7.0). All hypotheses except one were supported by the data. The proposed model also had an acceptable fit to the data. Based on the findings, both theoretical and practical implications of the study were recommended