26 research outputs found
AN URBAN ENERGY BALANCE FOR THE PHOENIX, ARIZONA, USA METROPOLITAN AREA
ABSTRACT The pressures of rapid urbanization, including the worsening of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, are causing city leaders and other policymakers to consider how to best allocate resources and develop policies to improve their urban environment. The focus of this paper is on UHI, that is, the long-term trend observed in the metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona region and other cities in which both daytime and nighttime temperatures are increasing. An analytical tool is developed to predict the relative effects of various policy measures, such as increasing the average albedo of a city through highlyreflective pavement coatings, or encouraging the adoption of "green" roofs to improve latent heat transfer. This tool is based on a fundamental "lumped" thermal model of the metropolitan area, where transient energy inputs and outputs are considered to generate a single temperature that is characteristic of the entire metropolitan area. Actual electricity, natural gas, vehicular traffic, and solar radiation data are utilized to predict how the temperature changes on an hourly basis. Of the measures evaluated, decreasing the quantity of paved surfaces to reduce daytime temperatures, and increasing the prevalence of green roofs to reduce nighttime temperatures, are the most effective means to alleviate UHI
Integration of Mechanistic鈥揈mpirical Pavement Design Guide Distresses with Local Performance Indices
Effects of Asphalt Mixture Properties on Permanent Deformation Response
The hot-mix asphalt (HMA) rutting prediction model in the Mechanistic鈥揈mpirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) uses a relationship that includes the effects of mix characteristics only through the resilient strain, which in turn is a function of the dynamic modulus |E*| of the mix. However, increasing evidence suggests that the use of |E*| alone may be insufficient to characterize completely the permanent deformation behavior of HMA. In addition to effects already considered by the MEPDG model with |E*|, the effects of mix characteristics on permanent deformation are analyzed with the use of the results of
repetitive axial permanent deformation tests from laboratory-compacted HMA specimens. Results of multiple linear regression analysis indicate that binder type, effective binder content, and air void content have significant effects on model parameters for permanent deformation. The potential effects of mix characteristics on these parameters are analyzed with the use of the MEPDG model and an HMA pavement section with four levels of compaction. Scenarios in which the mixture characteristics are incorporated solely by means of |E*| are compared with scenarios in which the effects of air void content and asphalt content are incorporated into the rutting prediction model by adjusting its parameters according to relationships established in the laboratory.
Empirical laboratory evidence supports the hypotheses that, regardless of mixture properties, universal values for permanent deformation model parameters do not fully account for mixture-specific contributions to rutting and that other mix characteristics (e.g., air void content) may be needed to supplement |E*| for the appropriate characterization of the permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures.El modelo de predicci贸n del ahuellamiento del asfalto mezclado en caliente (HMA) de la Gu铆a de Dise帽o Mec谩nico-Emp铆rico de Pavimentos (MEPDG) utiliza una relaci贸n que incluye los efectos de las caracter铆sticas de la mezcla s贸lo a trav茅s de la deformaci贸n el谩stica, que a su vez es una funci贸n del m贸dulo din谩mico |E*| de la mezcla. Sin embargo, cada vez hay m谩s pruebas que sugieren que el uso de |E*| por s铆 solo puede ser insuficiente para caracterizar completamente el comportamiento de deformaci贸n permanente del HMA. Adem谩s de los efectos ya considerados por el modelo MEPDG con |E*|, los efectos de las caracter铆sticas de la mezcla sobre la deformaci贸n permanente se analizan con el uso de los resultados de ensayos repetitivos de deformaci贸n axial permanente de probetas de HMA compactadas en laboratorio. Los resultados del an谩lisis de regresi贸n lineal m煤ltiple indican que el tipo de ligante, el contenido efectivo de ligante y el contenido de huecos de aire tienen efectos significativos en los par谩metros del modelo para la deformaci贸n permanente. Los efectos potenciales de las caracter铆sticas de la mezcla sobre estos par谩metros se analizan con el uso del modelo MEPDG y una secci贸n de pavimento HMA con cuatro niveles de compactaci贸n. Se comparan escenarios en los que las caracter铆sticas de la mezcla se incorporan 煤nicamente mediante |E*| con escenarios en los que los efectos del contenido en huecos de aire y del contenido en asfalto se incorporan al modelo de predicci贸n del ahuellamiento ajustando sus par谩metros seg煤n relaciones establecidas en laboratorio. Las pruebas emp铆ricas de laboratorio apoyan la hip贸tesis de que, independientemente de las propiedades de la mezcla, los valores universales de los par谩metros del modelo de deformaci贸n permanente no tienen plenamente en cuenta las contribuciones espec铆ficas de la mezcla a la formaci贸n de roderas y que pueden ser necesarias otras caracter铆sticas de la mezcla (por ejemplo, el contenido de huecos de aire) para complementar |E*| para la caracterizaci贸n adecuada de la deformaci贸n permanente de las mezclas asf谩lticas