Risk Factors for Cognitive Decline

Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms of dementia. The main cognitive functions acc orientation to time and place, recall and memory, attention, language, calculation, and visual construction. Impairment of cognitive functions influences the ability of an individual to live independently, and it diminishes the quality of life. In addition to the consequences for an individual, cognitive impairment imposes a major burden on the health care system because it induces an increased risk of institutionalization and hospitalization. Although cognlttve impairment is a less severe disorder than dementia, it is much more common. In a representative papu lation of subjects over 65 years of age, the prevalence of cognitive impairment was 15.8%, whereas the prevalence of dementia was 4.2%.' The risk of cognitive impairment rises exponentially with age. Therefore, we may expect an increase in the number of people with cognitive impairment in our aging society. At present, there acc a number of medications that can delay the progression of dementia and that can stabilize cognitive function. However, no cure or prevention for these disorders has been found yet. Therefore, it is important to identify modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. If these risk factors can be found, preventive intervention may become feasible

A prospective study on circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding proteins, and cognitive function in the elderly

The objective of this study was to investigate the longitudinal relation between the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)/IGF-binding protein (IGFBP) system and cognitive function. The study population consisted of a sample of 186 healthy participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study, aged 55-80 yr. At baseline, we determined fasting blood levels of free and total IGF-I, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-3. The 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognitive impairment at baseline (MMSE score of <26; 6% of the sample) and cognitive decline after, on the average, 1.9 yr of follow-up (drop in MMSE score of >1 point/year; 22% of the sample). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression, with adjustment for age, sex, education, body mass index, and fasting insulin levels. Total IGF-I appeared to be inversely related to cognitive impairment, although not significantly. Higher total IGF-I and the total IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio were associated with less cognitive decline (OR per SD increase = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44-0.95 and OR = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.39-0.87, respectively). No relation was observed between free IGF-I and cognitive decline (OR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.68-1.44). In conclusion, in this prospective study higher serum total IGF-I levels and higher total IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratios, but not higher free IGF-I levels, were associated with less cognitive decline over the following 2 yr. Circulating total IGF-I levels may reflect an underlying biological process that influences cognitive decline

A prospective study on cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cognitive function in the elderly

The objective of this study was to investigate the relation between the peripheral concentrations of the adrenal steroid hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and cognitive impairment and decline. A prospective study design was used. The setting was a suburb of Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The study population consisted of a sample of 189 healthy participants from the population-based Rotterdam Study, aged 55-80 yr, who were invited for an additional examination. Follow-up examinations took place 1.9 yr after baseline, on the average. We determined fasting blood levels of DHEAS before dexamethasone administration and of cortisol and corticosteroid-binding globulin before and after the administration of 1 mg dexamethasone overnight. The 30-point Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess cognition. The associations with cognitive impairment (MMSE score of <26; 6% of the sample) and cognitive decline (drop in MMSE score of >1 point

How Many Hours Do You Have to Work to Be Integrated? Full Time and Part Time Employment of Native and Ethnic Minority Women in the Netherlands

Labor market participation is a central factor in the economic integration of migrants in their host country. Labor market integration of ethnic minority women is of special interest, as they may experience a double disadvantage: both as a woman and as a migrant. Since the late nineties this presumed double disadvantage has become more and more the focus of both Dutch integration and Dutch emancipation policy. To test several assumptions underlying Dutch policy this paper focuses on the employment patterns of ethnic minority and native women in the Netherlands. In particular, we analyze to what extent labor market participation of different groups of women and the hours they work are influenced by human capital and household characteristics. Our results show some remarkable differences in employment patterns between native Dutch and ethnic minority women. Controlling for educational level, partnership and the presence of children, native Dutch women are working more often in part time jobs than Mediterranean and Caribbean women. For all women the educational level is an important determinant of employment and the number of hours worked. Whereas the number of children influences both the employment decision and the number of hours worked of native Dutch women, for Mediterranean and Caribbean women there is only an effect of the number of children on the odds of having a full time job