Investigation of in vivo antioxidant property of Abelmoschus esculentus (L) moench. fruit seed and peel powders in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. fruit is a commonly consumed vegetable in many countries due to its rich medicinal value. However, till date, in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus has not been scientifically documented in animal models. Objective: The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant property of A. esculentus (L.) Moench. peel and seed powder (AEPP and AESP) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In rats, acute toxicity assessment of AEPP and AESP at 2 g/kg did not show any toxicity. Diabetes was induced by STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) injection and diabetic rats received AEPP (100 and 200 mg/kg) as well as AESP (100 and 200 mg/ kg) orally up to 28 days. At the end of the 28 day, diabetic rats were killed and liver, kidney and pancreas were collected to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation level. Results: In diabetic rats, significant (P < 0.001) reduction of liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed as compared to normal control rats. Administration of both doses of AEPP and AESP significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01) increased liver, kidney and pancreas SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH levels and decreased TBARS (P < 0.001) levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that A. esculentus peel and seed powder has significant in vivo antioxidant property in diabetic rats

Molecular tapes based on C&#8801;N···Cl interactions

Weak C&#8801;N ··· Cl interactions may be used to design linear molecular tapes

Intramolecular michael-type addition in the solid state

Several substituted 2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethylchalcones undergo a solid state Intramolecular Michaeltype addition reaction to yield the corresponding flavanones, at temperatures significantly below the melting points of the reactants or products. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of the reactant and product phases have been carried out and indicate that these solid state reactions most likely proceed in a non-topochemical fashion. A similar conclusion is deduced from X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and packing energy calculations. Reaction in the defect regions is probably important because considerable relaxation in the molecular conformation of the chalcone is required in the crystal before Intramolecular ring-closure to the flavanone can occur

Molecular recognition involving an interplay of O-H···O, C-H···O and &#8719;···&#8719; interactions. The anomalous crystal structure of the 1 : 1 complex 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid-4-(n,n-dimethylamino)benzoic acid

The crystal structure of the 1:1 donor-acceptor complex of 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoic acid contains the uncommon O-H ··· O hydrogen-bonded carboxy homodimers rather than the heterodimers found in nine other related complexes. The formation of these homodimers contradicts the general principle that in hydrogen-bonded networks, the strongest proton donor hydrogen bonds to the strongest proton acceptor. This unusual homodimer is obtained because of difficulties in C-H ··· O hydrogen bond formation, the consequent importance of &#8719; ··· &#8719; stacking interactions and the enhanced stability of homodimer stacks over heterodimer stacks. Additionally, it is concluded that: (i) O-H ···O hydrogen bonds can act as a conduit for charge transfer and may alter the polarization of atoms; (ii) C-H ··· O bonds can be used for molecular recognition and C-H ··· O patterns are sensitive to molecular stoichiometry and substituent positioning; (iii) stacking interactions influence the nature of hydrogen bonding and vice versa. This study shows that for precise supramolecular construction, strong and weak intermolecular interactions must be considered together

Molecular and crystal structure of 1-(8-carboxyoctyl)-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-1-ium bromide and 1-(6-bromohexyl)-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-1-ium bromide

The molecular and crystal structures of a pair of quarternised bromide derivatives of hexamethylenetetramine have been determined. 1-(8-Carboxyoctyl)-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-1-ium bromide, 1, C<SUB>14</SUB>H<SUB>27</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>Br, M<SUB>r</SUB> = 363.31, triclinic, P , a = 9.759(5), b = 12.699(7), c = 14.125(6) &#197;, &#945; = 96.45(3), &#946; = 99.17(3), &#947; = 104.74(3)&#176; , V = 1649.7(14) &#197;<SUP>3</SUP>, Z = 4, D<SUB>c</SUB> = 1.463 g cm<SUP>-3</SUP>, &#955; (MoK&#945; ) = 0.7107 &#197; &#956; = 2.503 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>, F(000) = 760, R (on F) = 0.058, R<SUB>W</SUB> (on I) = 0.162 for 3625 unique reflections with [I -&#963; (I)]. There are two symmetry independent sets of ions, each set being linked with strong O&#8230;Br interactions to form linear arrays. The symmetry indenpendent arrays are in turn connected with C---H&#8230;O interactions to form a layer. 1-(6-Bromohexyl)-1,3,5,7-tetraazaadamantan-1-ium bromide, 2, C<SUB>12</SUB>H<SUB>29</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB>Br<SUB>2</SUB>, M<SUB>r</SUB> = 384.17, monoclinic, P2<SUB>1</SUB>/n, a = 8.976(4), b = 15.743(8), c = 11.329(6) &#197;, &#946; = 103.70(2)&#176; , V = 1555.3(13) &#197;<SUP>3</SUP>, Z = 4, D<SUB>c</SUB> = 1.641 g cm<SUP>-3</SUP>, &#955; (MoK&#945; ) = 0.7107 &#197; &#956; = 5.203 cm<SUP>-1</SUP>, F(000) = 776, R (on F) = 0.066, R<SUB>W</SUB> (on I) = 0.168 for 1310 unique non-zero reflections with [I >>2&#963; (I)]. Two Br<SUP>-</SUP> anions are located between two cations resulting in the formation of a cyclic centrosymmetric dimer. Each dimer is surrounded by six similar dimers and is connected to them with C---H&#8230;N hydrogen bonds to form corrugated molecular sheets. The symmetrical bond lengths of the hexamethylenetetramine skeleton are distorted by quarternisation in both 1 and 2

C-H···N mediated hexagonal network in the crystal structure of the 1:1 molecular complex 1,3,5-tricyanobenzene-hexamethylbenzene

Molecules of 1,3,5-tricyanobenzene are networked with C-H···N hydrogen bonds into a symmetrical hexagonal pattern in the crystal structure of the 1:1 complex formed by the compound with hexamethylbenzene

Molecular recognition via C-H···O hydrogen bonding. Crystal structure of the 1:1 complex 4-nitrobenzoic acid-4-(n,n-dimethylamino)benzoic acid

Mutual recognition of the nitro and dimethylamino substituent groups is possible in organic crystals through the formation of a cyclic C-H···O hydrogen bonded dimer with an approximate stabilising energy of -2.45 kcal mol<SUP>-1</SUP>(1 cal = 4.184 J

Hexagonal supramolecular networks in the crystal structure of the 1:1 molecular complex trimethylisocyanurate-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Trimethylisocyanurate 2 and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene 3 form a hexagonal C-H &amp;hellip; O mediated 1:1 complex wherein distinct molecular layers are formed, the molecular symmetry of the components being retained in the crystal

3-(3',5'-dinitrophenyl)-4-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid: engineered topochemical synthesis and molecular and supramolecular properties

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