Effect of Imidacloprid on Bacterial Soil Isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis

Imidacloprid is a chloronicotinyl insecticide used widely to control biting and sucking insects. The over accumulation of this pesticide in environment requires higher awareness about this pesticide. Present investigation was carried out to analyze the effect of imidacloprid on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis isolated after laboratory and field studies on the toxic effect of imidacloprid. Further, the genes for the three enzymes involved in the antioxidant defense process in soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis were sequenced and identified. Study on the effect of 10–7 to 10–3 molar concentrations of imidacloprid for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h on three antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in Bacillus weihenstephanensis showed that there was an increase in the activity of all the three antioxidant enzymes. The enzyme activity increased with an increase in the concentration of insecticide proving that the inhibitory effect is dose-dependent. Further, sequencing revealed that Fe/MnSOD (sod A), hydroxyperoxidase HP(II) (Kat E) and glutathione peroxidase genes were expressed in response to stress induced by imidacloprid treatment in Bacillus weihenstephanensis. The present investigation indicates that imidacloprid induces the expression of antioxidant enzymes in the soil isolate Bacillus weihenstephanensis. The synthesis of antioxidant enzymes may be helping Bacillus weihenstephanensis in resisting the toxic effects of imidacloprid

Dose-Dependent Estrous Cycle, Ovarian Follicles and Biochemical Contents Reversal in Albino Mice after Exposure to Mancozeb

Mancozeb, a fungicide of a manganese-zinc ethylenebisdithio-carbamate (EBDC), was administered by gavage at doses of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg/day to female virgin mice for 30 days. The mice were autopsied on 31st day. Mice were also treated with similar doses for a period of 30 days and the treatment was withdrawn for a further period of 30 days for reversible study. The mice were autopsied on 61st day. Estrous cycle and follicles were affected in all the mancozeb treated mice when compared to the controls. There was a recovery in number and phases of estrous cycle in the mice after withdrawal of 400 and 600 mg/kg/day mancozeb, however, recovery was not seen in 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. There was a recovery in the number of follicles in the mice after withdrawal of 400 mg/kg/day mancozeb. However, complete recovery of the follicles was not seen in 600 and 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. Mice treated with 600 mg/kg/day mancozeb showed significant decrease in the levels of protein and glycogen in the ovary, glycogen and total lipids in the uterus, glycogen in the liver but there was significant increase in the total lipids of the liver. Mice treated with 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb showed significant decrease in protein and glycogen but there was significant increase in total lipids in ovary and liver , however, there was complete decrease in the levels of protein, glycogen and total lipids of the uterus. There was recovery in the levels of protein and total lipids in the ovary and liver in 600 and 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice, however, recovery was not seen in the level of glycogen. There was significant decrease in the relative weight of the ovary and liver whereas spleen and thyroid weights were increased significantly with 800 mg kg/day mancozeb treatment. The recoveries in the relative weight were observed in the ovary, uterus, thymus and thyroid however, recovery in the relative weight was not seen in liver and spleen in 800 mg/kg/day mancozeb withdrawal mice. The results of the present study indicated a marked effect in the recovery of the estrous cycle, follicles and biochemical contents of the ovary, uterus and liver in mice after exposure to mancozeb with lower doses and it was dose dependent

The Effects of Potassium Bromide on Biochemical Contents of the Fat Body and Haemolymph of Crossbreed Races of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Oral supplementation with potassium bromide (10, 20 and 40 ?g/ml) to fifth instar larvae of CSR2, CSR4 and CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori resulted in a significant increase in the fat body glycogen in all the treated groups and in all the three races of the silkworm, B. mori. The fat body protein content was increased with 20 and 40 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2 and CSR4 races and in all the treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 cdrossbreed race of the silkworm, B. mori. However, there was a decrease in fat body protein with 10 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2 and CSR4 races. There was a significant increase in the haemolymph trehalose with 10 ?g/ml in CSR2 race, in all the treated groups in CSR4 race and with 20 and 40 ?g/ml treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed race when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was also a significant increase in the haemolymph protein treated with 20 and 40 ?g/ml in CSR2 race, with 10 and 20 ?g/ml in CSR4 race and in all the treated groups in CSR2xCSR4 crossbreed race when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was a significant increase in the fat body total lipids with all the treated groups and in all the three races of the silkworm, but there was a significant decrease with 40 ?g/ml treated group in CSR2xCSR4 race of the silkworm, B. mori when compared over the respective carrier controls. These results indicated that the biochemical contents of the fat body and haemolymph to potassium bromide showed good response in all the three races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L

Effect of Salicylic Acid on Commercial Traits of the Bivoltine Crossbreed Races of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Topical application with 100, 200 and 300 ng/ml phytohormone salicyclic acid on commercial traits was analysed in bivoltine CSR2, CSR4 and CSR2XCSR4 crossbreed races of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The results showed that there was significant increase in larval weight female cocoon weight, male cocoon shell weight, and hatching percentage with 100 and 200 ng/ml, silkgland weight, female cocoon shell ratio, male cocoon shell ratio, filament length, in all the treated groups in CSR2 race of the silkworm, B. mori when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was significant increase in larval weight and number of eggs per ovariole with 100 ng/ml, female cocoon weight, male cocoon weight, moth emergence percentage and egg productivity with 200 ng/ml and female cocoon shell weight, female cocoon shell ratio, male cocoon shell weight, male cocoon shell ratio, filament length, filament weight denier and moth emergence percentage with all the treated groups in CSR4 race of the silkworm, B. mori when compared over the respective carrier controls. There was also significant increase in larval weight, silkgland weight, female cocoon shell weight, female cocoon shell ratio, male cocoon shell weight, male cocoon shell ratio, egg productivity and length of the ovariole in all the treated groups, whereas filament weight, denier, number of eggs per ovariole and moth emergence percentage with 100 and 200 ng/ml, male cocoon weight with 200 and 300 ng/ml in CSR2XCSR4 crossbreed race of the silkworm, B. mori when compared over the respective carrier controls. These results suggest that the CSR2XCSR4 and CSR4 races showed good response to phytohormone salicylic acid when compared with that of CSR2 race of the silkworm, B. mori

In vitro antidiabetic activities and GC-MS phytochemical analysis of Ximenia americana extracts

Objective To ascertain various phytochemical ingredients in Ximenia americana leaves extracts by GC-MS & evaluating their antidiabetic property by using in vitro assays. Methods The serial extraction was carried out with a series of solvents: chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and water with increasing polarity using Soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated and dried extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis and also the antidiabetic activity was assessed by employing standard in vitro techniques. Results GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of different phytochemicals in each leaf extracts of X. americana. The major phytoconstituents were found to be Oleic acid, n-Hexadecanoic acid, Non-decanoic acid and Octadecatrienoic acid in chloroform extract; and 3-Undecene, Tridecene, Trifluoroaceteoxy tetradecene, and Trichloroacetic acid-3-tridecyl-ester in ethyl acetate extract; where in 1-Tetracosanol, Behenyl alcohol, 1-Hexacosanol, Octadecanal, 4-Piperidine propanoic acid and α �D-mannofuranoside in methanol extract; 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, 7-Tetradecanal and 1-Ocytyn-3-Ol-4-Ethy in ethanol extract; aqueous extract showed the presence of 9,12-Octadecandionoic acid. In vitro antidiabetic studies show that aqueous extract exhibited significant activity when compared to other solvent extracts. Conclusion The investigation confirms that aqueous extract exhibited highest antidiabetic activity among all extracts; Additional studies on needed for purification, characterization and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds from aqueous extract & also confirm its antidiabetic property by in vivo studies. This study provides scientific evidence that leaves of Ximenia americana have anti-diabetic efficacy. Thus, considering its relative hypoglycemic potency, they may serve as useful therapeutic agents for treating diabetes. © 2017 SAA

Histological and Biochemical Changes in the Liver of Albino Mice on Exposure to Insecticide, Carbosulfan

Carbosulfan (2,3-dihydro-2,2dimethyl-7-benzofuronyl [(dibutyl amino) thio] methyl] a carbamate insecticide and acaricide was administered orally at an effective dose of 48 mg/kg/day to albino mice for 5, 10, 20 and 30 days .Control mice received similar quantities of olive oil. Daily body weights were recorded and mice were sacrificed after 24 hours after the terminal exposure. The histologic examination of liver of the mice treated with carbosulfan for 10, 20 and 30 days revealed the dilation of central vein and sinusoids between hypertrophied hepatocytes. Vacuolization and hyalinization of hepatocytes with loss of radial arrangement. Treatment with carbosulfan for 20 days in female and male mice resulted in a significant decrease in protein and liver glycogen contents in female mice, whereas in male mice the glycogen was not changed significantly in the liver. The cholesterol content was increased significantly in male mice, but in female mice there was no significant change. Treatment with carbosulfan for 30 days caused significant decrease in DNA, RNA, protein, glycogen and significant increase in the level of cholesterol in male and female mice. Temporal study on liver enzymes displays treatment with carbosulfan for 20 days caused significant increase in LDH activity and significant decrease in Na+K+ATPase, Mg++ATPase, Ca++ATPase and no significant change in SDH, ASAT, ALAT, ACP activity in female mice, however in male mice the activity of liver enzymes was not changed significantly. Carbosulfan treatment for 30 days caused significant decrease in SDH, Na+-K+ATPase, Mg++ATPase, Ca++ATPase, ACP activity, whereas LDH, ASAT, ALAT, AKP activity were increased significantly in the liver of male and female mice. The results of the present study suggests that the carbosulfan has adverse effects on liver functions leading to histologic and physiological impairment

Effect of Feeding Mulberry Leaves Supplemented with Calcium Chloride on Biochemical Contents of the Silkworm

Oral Supplementation with 50, 100 and 150 ?g/ml calcium chloride to the fifth stadium larvae of CSR2xCSR4 biovoltine hybrid silkworm, B. mori on fat body glycogen, protein, and total lipids and haemolymph trehalose and protein have been studied. One of the four normal feeds per day was substituted with treated leaves fed to silkworms at fifth instar larvae. The controls were fed with the leaves dipped in distilled water and normal leaves. The fat body glycogen with 50 and 100 ?g/ml, haemolymph trehalose with 100 and 150 ?g/ml and fat body protein with all the calcium chloride treated groups were increased significantly when compared over respective carrier controls. There was significant increase in the haemolymph protein with 150 ?g/ml calcium chloride treated group. However, there was no significant change in the haemolymph protein with 50 and 100 ?g/ml calcium chloride treated groups when compared over the respective carrier controls. The fat body total lipids decreased significantly in all the groups treated with calcium chloride when compared over the respective carrier controls. These results indicated that the content of glycogen and protein of the far body and trehalose and protein content of the haemolymph to calcium chloride showed good response in CSR2xCSR4 bivoltine hybrid silkworm, B. mori

Rapid multiplication of mature flowering plant of Eryngium foetidum L. by in vitro technique

An in vitro protocol has been developed for rapid multiplication of mature flowering plant of E. foetidum. The nodal and scape explants derived from 10-​12 day old inflorescence explant were cultured on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplementing with different concns. and combinations of BAP and Kinetin. Both the explant types produced direct adventitious shoots varying in their no. Each adventitious shoot possessed a rosette of leaves with apical or axillary inflorescence or both inflorescence with well-​developed rooting system. The entire process of adventitious shoot formation and mature plantlet development occurred within 3-​4 wk of culture. The well-​organized shoots were individually excised and potted in the soil. Up to 95​% of the plants survived under field conditions

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci isolated from Bovine Mastitis

The study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci isolated from Bovine Mastitis in and around Dharwad region. A total of 310 samples were screened and 180 confirmed Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci were obtained. The antimicrobial susceptibility of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci against 10 antimicrobial agents was tested using the disc diffusion method. The highest numbers of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci were susceptible to ceftriaxone 83.88% followed by cefotaxime 79.41%, methicillin 76.47%, ciprofloxacin 73.52%, erythromycin 70.05%, amikacin 66.11%, gentamycin 42.94%, amoxicillin 36.76%, ampicillin 29.41%, and the lowest susceptibility was shown in penicillin 23.23% . The results indicated that the increase in prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis exhibited the highest degree of susceptible to ceftriaxone of all the tested antimicrobial agents. [Vet. World 2011; 4(4.000): 158-161