Resistance in Bacteria

Resistance is the result of bacteria evolving new genes in response to the presence of pesticide and antibiotics. In our society day by day, a number of chemicals, pesticides, and antibiotics are introducing due to the result of resistance development of bacteria. Pesticides are added to the environment for the purpose of killing or injuring some form of life. Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest. Bacteria have been used extensively for bioremediation purposes. The ability of organisms to bioremediate pesticides is mainly based on their biodegradation activity. Methomyl and imidacloprid are widely using throughout the world as a pesticide. Many pesticide degradation genes present in soil bacteria have been shown to reside on plasmids or genome, a common location for other degradation genes. The excessive use of pesticides and antibiotic leads and promotes the development of resistance in the bacteria. An increase in the frequency of antibiotic resistance in bacteria since the 1950s has been observed for all major classes of antibiotics used to treat a wide variety of diseases. Development of resistance is a major concern for another reason of human and animal health. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates must be done earlier to the use of antibiotics in both to choose appropriate antibiotic for treatment and prevention of the disease. Research into newer antibiotics continues, measures can and should be taken to reverse the practices that promote the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

Effect of Clerodendrum serratum leaf extract on biochemical and oxidative stress parameters of testis in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice

The biochemical contents and antioxidant potential of Clerodendrum serratum (Verbenaceae) leaf extract (CSLE) on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced skin carcinogenicity in testis of mice was investigated. Group I received distilled water served as control. The skin lesions were induced by twice-weekly topical application of DMBA for 2 weeks on the shaved backs of group II, III, IV and V mice. CSLE was administered to group III, IV and V mice at the dose of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg b.wt/day, for 4 week before DMBA application, and continued till 45 days. On 46th day the mice were sacrificed, testis were dissected out freed from adherent tissue and weighed to nearest milligram and evaluated the biochemical contents DNA, RNA, protein, glycogen, cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activities, oxidative stress parameters, levels of glutathione (GSH), thiobarbaturic acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST). DMBA induced skin carcinogenesis decreased body and testis weight, DNA, RNA, protein, glycogen, GSH level, SDH, AKP, SOD, CAT and GST activities. But there was increase in cholesterol content, LDH, ACP activities and TBARS level. DMBA act via generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) as tumor initiator and free radicals inducing oxidative stress. The results revealed that there was a recovery in biochemical contents, dehydrogenases, phosphatases and oxidative stress parameters in testis. Thus, the present study inferred that CSLE administration significantly curtailed tumor development and counteracted all the biochemical effects. Many plant secondary metabolites exhibit potent anticarcinogenic potential and known to exert their effects by quenching reactive oxygen, inhibiting lipid peroxidation

PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF RHIZOME OF

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