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Not AvailableThe quality of a medicinal plant is decided by the content of specific secondary metabolite respective to the plant species. Therefore, an attempt was made to assess the effect of water deficit (WD) stress and signal molecules on physiological and biochemical responses of Andrographis paniculata under polyhouse condition. To keep the soil at field capacity (FC) in control (well watered) treatment, a pre-measured quantity of water was applied to the pots once in a week. The signal molecules (i) ascorbic acid @200 ppm, (ii) glutamic acid @150 ppm and salicylic acid @200 ppm applied foliar at 10, 25, 40 and 55 days after WD treatment. Total chlorophylls, total carotenoids and proline content increased due to WD stress at 50 days after treatment (DAT) whereas, total chlorophylls and total carotenoids content decreased but, proline content increased at 80 DAT. Ascorbic acid enhanced the ascorbate peroxidase activity and glutamic acid enhanced guiacol peroxidase activity of leaves under WD stress. WD stress reduced actual efficiency of photosynthesis (Fv’/Fm’) and energy utilized for photochemistry (ΦPSII) at 80 DAT. WD stress during 20-50 DAT did not improve the andrographolide content in leaves of A. paniculata. However, a prolonged WD stress till 80 DAT hastened andrographolide content in leaves. Foliar application of salicylic acid under polyhouse condition indicated its scope to augment the quality of Andrographis paniculata under prolonged WD stress.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA pot study was carried out using six groundnut cultivars viz. JL 286, TPG 41, HNG 10, GG 20, CSMG 84-1 and GG 11 during Kharif 2011 to find out the influence of moisture deficit stress on yield, seed and oil quality and composition. Prolonged moisture deficit stress reduced pod and fodder yield and oil content, while accumulation of raffinose like oligosaccharides (RFOs) increased in the seeds. Stability of oil (O/L ratio) did not alter significantly due to moisture deficit stress. In general, the Virginia Runner cultivars showed more reduction in yield and other nutritional characters, but accumulated more compatible solutes in terms of RFOs to combat moisture deficit stress, indicating acquisition of tolerant characteristics in this group at the expense of yield and nutritional characters of the seed.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn a field experiment during summer season, the chlorophyll fluorescence and net photosynthetic rate were studied in six Spanish groundnut cultivars under water deficit (WD) condition between beginning bloom to beginning seed (WD I) and beginning seed to beginning maturity (WD II), by withholding irrigation 31–62 DAS and 62–87 DAS, respectively. The severity of drought was so that the soil moisture content of the stressed field depleted to 9.4 and 6.2 % at 0–15 cm soil depth in WD I and WD II at 62 and 87 DAS, respectively, as against 17 and 19 % in control. The mean RWC of leaves decreased from 92 in control to 88 in WDI and from 91 in control to 84 in WD II with the least decrease in ICGS 44 under WD I and in TAG 24 under WD II. The WD condition significantly increased non-photochemical quenching but decreased the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm) from 0.81 in control to 0.77 under WD I condition which was again resumed to 0.80 after 48 h of withdrawal of stress. The rate of photosynthesis which was 29 and 36 lmol m-2 s-1 in well irrigated plots decreased to 26 and 28 lmol m-2 s-1 with a deduction of 11 and 30 % under WD I and WD II, respectively. Cultivar TAG 24 showed better stress recovering capacity with high photosynthesis under both control as well as WD condition whereas, data on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that cultivar ICGS 44 was least affected to damage via photoinhibitory action.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn a field experiment during summer season, the chlorophyll fluorescence and net photosynthetic rate were studied in six Spanish groundnut cultivars under water deficit (WD) condition between beginning bloom to beginning seed (WD I) and beginning seed to beginning maturity (WD II), by withholding irrigation 31–62 DAS and 62–87 DAS, respectively. The severity of drought was so that the soil moisture content of the stressed field depleted to 9.4 and 6.2 % at 0–15 cm soil depth in WD I and WD II at 62 and 87 DAS, respectively, as against 17 and 19 % in control. The mean RWC of leaves decreased from 92 in control to 88 in WDI and from 91 in control to 84 in WD II with the least decrease in ICGS 44 under WD I and in TAG 24 under WD II. The WD condition significantly increased non-photochemical quenching but decreased the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm) from 0.81 in control to 0.77 under WD I condition which was again resumed to 0.80 after 48 h of withdrawal of stress. The rate of photosynthesis which was 29 and 36 lmol m-2 s-1 in well irrigated plots decreased to 26 and 28 lmol m-2 s-1 with a deduction of 11 and 30 % under WD I and WD II, respectively. Cultivar TAG 24 showed better stress recovering capacity with high photosynthesis under both control as well as WD condition whereas, data on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that cultivar ICGS 44 was least affected to damage via photoinhibitory action.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWith the changing climatic scenario and increasing global mean temperature, heat stress became a major limiting factor for today’s agriculture. To identify the underlying mechanism associated with heat tolerance in peanut, two experiments (field and growth chamber) were conducted with four genotypes (ICGS 44, GG 7, AK 159 and DRG 1) having differential high temperature stress sensitivity. Field grown plants under three different temperature (D1, D2 and D3) regimes simulated three temperature treatment effects with a variability of 3–4/4–5°C in mean day/night temperature, respectively. In growth chamber, imposition of heat shock (10°C above ambient inside growth chamber) revealed not only rapid induction (within 0.5 hr) of HSPs, especially small HSPs (HSP 17, HSP 40) in tolerant genotypes, but also its sustenance for longer duration (2 hr), which might help them to have better physiological adaptation strategies under high temperature stress. This was evident from significant advancement in phenophases observed with increase in temperature by 15–18 days at physiological maturity, while pollen viability and membrane stability reduced below 50% and 41%, respectively in DRG 1 with increase in mean day/ night temperature. Maintenance of higher photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance helped the tolerant genotype ICGS 44 to keep relatively cooler canopy and higher photosynthates, ensuring better physiological condition in this genotype under heat stress. Significant increase (~2.5-fold) in inositol and hexoses (glucose and fructose) content and reduction (>50%) in sucrose content in leaf tissues indicated degradation of storage carbohydrates for improved osmotic adjustment especially in tolerant genotypes under elevated temperature.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWith the changing climatic scenario and increasing global mean temperature, heat stress became a major limiting factor for today’s agriculture. To identify the underlying mechanism associated with heat tolerance in peanut, two experiments (field and growth chamber) were conducted with four genotypes (ICGS 44, GG 7, AK 159 and DRG 1) having differential high temperature stress sensitivity. Field grown plants under three different temperature (D1, D2 and D3) regimes simulated three temperature treatment effects with a variability of 3–4/4–5°C in mean day/night temperature, respectively. In growth chamber, imposition of heat shock (10°C above ambient inside growth chamber) revealed not only rapid induction (within 0.5 hr) of HSPs, especially small HSPs (HSP 17, HSP 40) in tolerant genotypes, but also its sustenance for longer duration (2 hr), which might help them to have better physiological adaptation strategies under high temperature stress. This was evident from significant advancement in phenophases observed with increase in temperature by 15–18 days at physiological maturity, while pollen viability and membrane stability reduced below 50% and 41%, respectively in DRG 1 with increase in mean day/ night temperature. Maintenance of higher photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance helped the tolerant genotype ICGS 44 to keep relatively cooler canopy and higher photosynthates, ensuring better physiological condition in this genotype under heat stress. Significant increase (~2.5-fold) in inositol and hexoses (glucose and fructose) content and reduction (>50%) in sucrose content in leaf tissues indicated degradation of storage carbohydrates for improved osmotic adjustment especially in tolerant genotypes under elevated temperatureNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSixty high yielding Indian peanut cultivars were studied for net photosynthesis (PN), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE),radiation use efficiency (RUE), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) at 70–75 days and pod and fodder yields at harvest in field during both the Kharif (Wet) and Rabi-summer (Dry) seasons to find out the efficient cultivars and seasons. The dry season crop showed higher values of these parameters except E and Fv/Fm than that of wet season crop and application of Zn increased all these but reduced gs and SCMR. On an average, the peanut cultivars showed 29.9 and 19.4 lmol (CO2) m2 s–1 PN, 0.57 and 0.26 m s-1 gs, 11.4 and 13.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.67 and 1.49 WUE, 0.018 and 0.012 RUE, 38.2 and 36.3 SCMR and 0.843 and 0.850 Fv/Fm during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The foliar application of zinc as 0.2% zinc-sulphate, during dry season, influenced all these parameters, with an average of 30.6 and 29.3 lmol (CO2) m-2 s-1 PN, 0.54 and 0.60 m s-1 gs, 11.7 and 11.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.69 and 2.65 WUE, 0.019 and 0.018 RUE, 37.8 and 38.7 SCMR and 0.844 and 0.842 Fv/Fm with and without Zn, respectively. The study identified several photosynthetically efficient cultivars. There were 18 cultivars with high PN and gs, 18 cultivars with high PN and E and 17 cultivars with high PN and pod yield. Based on the overall performance the peanut cultivars being recommended are Tirupati 3, TG 37A, CSMG 884, RS 1, S 230, LGN 2, TPG 41 and SG 99 for dry season and GG 20, Tirupati 4, M 197, ALR 2, JL 501 and RG 141 for wet season.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSixty high yielding Indian peanut cultivars were studied for net photosynthesis (PN), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), radiation use efficiency (RUE), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) at 70–75 days and pod and fodder yields at harvest in field during both the Kharif (Wet) and Rabi-summer (Dry) seasons to find out the efficient cultivars and seasons. The dry season crop showed higher values of these parameters except E and Fv/Fm than that of wet season crop and application of Zn increased all these but reduced gs and SCMR. On an average, the peanut cultivars showed 29.9 and 19.4 lmol (CO2) m2 s–1 PN, 0.57 and 0.26 m s-1 gs, 11.4 and 13.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.67 and 1.49 WUE, 0.018 and 0.012 RUE, 38.2 and 36.3 SCMR and 0.843 and 0.850 Fv/Fm during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The foliar application of zinc as 0.2% zinc-sulphate, during dry season, influenced all these parameters, with an average of 30.6 and 29.3 lmol (CO2) m-2 s-1 PN, 0.54 and 0.60 m s-1 gs, 11.7 and 11.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.69 and 2.65 WUE, 0.019 and 0.018 RUE, 37.8 and 38.7 SCMR and 0.844 and 0.842 Fv/Fm with and without Zn, respectively. The study identified several photosynthetically efficient cultivars. There were 18 cultivars with high PN and gs, 18 cultivars with high PN and E and 17 cultivars with high PN and pod yield. Based on the overall performance the peanut cultivars being recommended are Tirupati 3, TG 37A, CSMG 884, RS 1, S 230, LGN 2, TPG 41and SG 99 for dry season and GG 20, Tirupati 4, M 197, ALR 2, JL 501 and RG 141 for wet seasonNot Availabl

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Not AvailableSixty high yielding Indian peanut cultivars were studied for net photosynthesis (PN), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), water use efficiency (WUE), radiation use efficiency (RUE), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) at 70–75 days and pod and fodder yields at harvest in field during both the Kharif (Wet) and Rabi-summer (Dry) seasons to find out the efficient cultivars and seasons. The dry season crop showed higher values of these parameters except E and Fv/Fm than that of wet season crop and application of Zn increased all these but reduced gs and SCMR. On an average, the peanut cultivars showed 29.9 and 19.4 lmol (CO2) m2 s–1 PN, 0.57 and 0.26 m s-1 gs, 11.4 and 13.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.67 and 1.49 WUE, 0.018 and 0.012 RUE, 38.2 and 36.3 SCMR and 0.843 and 0.850 Fv/Fm during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The foliar application of zinc as 0.2% zinc-sulphate, during dry season, influenced all these parameters, with an average of 30.6 and 29.3 lmol (CO2) m-2 s-1 PN, 0.54 and 0.60 m s-1 gs, 11.7 and 11.2 m mol m-2 s-1 E, 2.69 and 2.65 WUE, 0.019 and 0.018 RUE, 37.8 and 38.7 SCMR and 0.844 and 0.842 Fv/Fm with and without Zn, respectively. The study identified several photosynthetically efficient cultivars. There were 18 cultivars with high PN and gs, 18 cultivars with high PN and E and 17 cultivars with high PN and pod yield. Based on the overall performance the peanut cultivars being recommended are Tirupati 3, TG 37A, CSMG 884, RS 1, S 230, LGN 2, TPG 41 nand SG 99 for dry season and GG 20, Tirupati 4, M 197, ALR 2, JL 501 and RG 141 for wet season.Springe