Summary of snakes known to cause venom-induced consumption coagulopathy, the procoagulant toxin, and the factor deficiencies that have been reported (with permission from WikiToxin).

<p>aPTT – activated partial thromboplastin time, CT – clotting time, VCT – venous clotting time, FDP – fibrinogen degradation products, PLA₂ – phospholipase A₂, PT – prothrombin time, TLE – thrombin like enzymes, WBCT – whole blood clotting time, WBCT20 – 20 minutes whole blood clotting time, FII – factor II, FV – factor V, FX – factor X, FDP – fibrinogen degradation products; PTA – prothrombin activator; SVMP – snake venom metalloproteinase; NR – not reported;</p><p>* A SVMP has been isolated from <i>D. typus</i> venom but its function (? PTA, FX activator, TLE) is unclear and only fibrinogen has been measured in patients.</p><p>Summary of snakes known to cause venom-induced consumption coagulopathy, the procoagulant toxin, and the factor deficiencies that have been reported (with permission from WikiToxin).</p

Summary of the randomised comparative trials of treatment for VICC, including antivenom and heparin with details of study size, design, and outcomes.

<p>* Varied based on the clinical assessment of the severity on admission;</p>†<p>May differ from the author's conclusion, see text. Abbreviations: AV – antivenom; WBCT20 – 20-minute whole blood clotting test (or 12-, 15-, or 30-minute); WBC time – whole blood clotting time; IVIG – intravenous immunoglobulin; PT – prothrombin time;</p><p>Summary of the randomised comparative trials of treatment for VICC, including antivenom and heparin with details of study size, design, and outcomes.</p

Summary of the non-randomised studies if VICC comparing two groups.

†<p>May differ to the author's conclusion, see text. Abbreviations: AV – antivenom; WBCT20 – 20 minute whole blood clotting test (or 12, 15 or 30 minute); PT – prothrombin time; aPTT – activated partial thromboplastin time; INR – international normalised ratio; IM – intramuscular; IV - intravenous.</p><p>Summary of the non-randomised studies if VICC comparing two groups.</p

The scoring system adopted to grade the severity of envenoming and the severity of abdominal pain.

<p>The scoring system adopted to grade the severity of envenoming and the severity of abdominal pain.</p

Correlations between abdominal pain severity versus different clinical parameters of the 55 proven Russell's viper bite patients.

<p>(Statistical test -Spearman's rho.).</p

Seasonal variation of Russell's viper bites.

<p>Distribution of the confirmed and suspected cases of Russell's viper bites admitted to the Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura from January to December, 2010. Note the high rate of admissions during February – April and September – November representing paddy harvesting and chena cultivation seasons.</p

Systemic involvement of the proven Russell's viper bite patients (n = 55) (percentages within parenthesis).

<p>Systemic involvement of the proven Russell's viper bite patients (n = 55) (percentages within parenthesis).</p

Clinical findings of the 55 proven and 154 suspected Russell's viper bite patients. (percentages within parenthesis).

<p>Clinical findings of the 55 proven and 154 suspected Russell's viper bite patients. (percentages within parenthesis).</p

Correlations between length of the snake versus different clinical parameters of 48 from the 55 confirmed Russell's viper bite patients.

<p>(Statistical test -Spearman's rho.).</p

The numbers of antivenom vials and antivenom cycles received by the proven and probable Russell's viper bite patients.

<p>(Percentages within parenthesis.).</p