Demonstration of a parity-time symmetry breaking phase transition using superconducting and trapped-ion qutrits

Scalable quantum computers hold the promise to solve hard computational problems, such as prime factorization, combinatorial optimization, simulation of many-body physics, and quantum chemistry. While being key to understanding many real-world phenomena, simulation of non-conservative quantum dynamics presents a challenge for unitary quantum computation. In this work, we focus on simulating non-unitary parity-time symmetric systems, which exhibit a distinctive symmetry-breaking phase transition as well as other unique features that have no counterpart in closed systems. We show that a qutrit, a three-level quantum system, is capable of realizing this non-equilibrium phase transition. By using two physical platforms - an array of trapped ions and a superconducting transmon - and by controlling their three energy levels in a digital manner, we experimentally simulate the parity-time symmetry-breaking phase transition. Our results indicate the potential advantage of multi-level (qudit) processors in simulating physical effects, where additional accessible levels can play the role of a controlled environment.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figure

Processes Responsible of Variations in the δ

Many active and dormant volcanoes of the Kuril Islands host hydrothermal systems which discharge acid to ultra-acid SO4-Cl (Cl-SO4) and SO4 waters. On some island, hot near-neutral Na-Cl waters can be found discharging in coastal hot springs. Four main different isotopic shifts relative to the local meteoric water line can be observed in the corresponding δD vs. δ18O diagram. For the acid Cl-SO4 waters discharging within thermal fields on volcano slopes, there is a clear mixing trend between meteoric water and volcanic vapor. Steam-heated SO4 waters demonstrate trends indicating kinetic fractionation at temperatures close to the boiling-point. For the coastal springs, the trend is apparently a mixing line between meteoric and seawater. The δ18O-shift for deep thermal waters is related to isotopic exchange with host rock but there is also a clear latitude effect in the isotopic composition of the meteoric endmember

Seawater-rock interaction at Ushishir volcano-hydrothermal system, Kuril Islands

Ushishir volcano is located in the middle of the Kuril Arc. The Ushishir crater, a closed bay connected with the ocean by a narrow and shallow strait is characterized by a strong hydrothermal activity. Boiling springs, hot pools, fumaroles and shallow submarine vents are manifestations of a magmatic-seawater hydrothermal system with the discharging solution similar in chemical and isotopic composition to the seafloor hydrothermal fluids. The main features of the Ushishir fluids are: (1) water has close to zero δD and a large oxygen isotopic shift (6 7‰); (2) high boron concentration (~70 ppm); (3) a significant uptake of Ca and Sr from the rock and Ca/Sr higher than that for seawater with 87Sr/86Sr ~0.7037, a bit higher than the rock value (0.7032). The measured onshore discharge of boiling water is ~ 5 kg/s; however, a large plume of the discoloured seawater releasing from the outer submarine slope of the volcano indicates a much higher total mass and heat output

Chemical weathering fluxes from Paramushir volcanic island (Kuril Island arc, Russia)

The rates of the chemical erosion for Paramushir Island, north Kuril Arc, were studied. The rates of the chemical erosion for Paramushir Island, north Kuril Arc, were studied. They were based on the results of the flow rate measurements and chemical analyses of 35 river’s water, sampled in July 2017. The silicate weathering fluxes caused by the subsurface thermal and two different types of surface waters (acid SO4 and near-neutral Na (Ca)-HCO3) of Paramushir have been estimated as 1095±200, 203 ±100 and 64 ± 20 t/km2/year, respectively. The total chemical weathering flux for Paramushir Island is estimated as 120± 40 t/km2/year

Geochemistry and solute fluxes of volcano-hydrothermal systems of Shiashkotan, Kuril Islands

Shiashkotan Island belongs to the Northern Kuril island arc and consists of two joined volcanoes, Sinarka and Kuntomintar, with about 18 km of distance between the summits. Both volcanoes are active, with historic eruptions, and both emit fumarolic gases. Sinarka volcano is degassing through the extrusive domewith inaccessible strong and hot (N400 °C) fumaroles. A large fumarolic field of the Kuntomintar volcano situated in a wide eroded caldera-like crater hosts many fumarolic vents with temperatures from boiling point to 480 °C. Both volcanoes are characterized by intense hydrothermal activity discharging acid SO4-Cl waters, which are drained to the Sea of Okhotsk by streams. At least 4 groups of near-neutral Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-SO4 springs with temperatures in the range of 50–80 °C are located at the sea level,within tide zones and discharge slightly altered diluted seawater. Volcanic gas of Kuntomintar as well as all types of hydrothermal manifestations of both volcanoes were collected and analyzed for major and trace elements and water isotopes. Volcanic gases are typical for arc volcanoes with 3He/4He corrected for air contamination up to 6.4 Ra (Ra=1.4 ×10−6, the air ratio) and δ13C (CO2) within −10‰to−8‰VPDB. Using a saturation indices approach it is shown that acid volcanic waters are formed at a shallow level, whereas waters of the coastal springs are partially equilibrated with rocks at ~180 °C. Trace element distribution and concentrations and the total REE depend on the water type, acidity and Al+Fe concentration. The REE pattern for acidic waters is unusual but similar to that found in some acidic crater lake waters. The total hydrothermal discharge of Cl and S from the island associated with volcanic activity is estimated at ca. 20 t/d and 40 t/d, respectively, based on the measurements of flow rates of the draining streams and their chemistry. The chemical erosion of the island by surface and thermal waters is estimated at 27 and 140 ton/km2/year, respectively, which is 2–3 times lower than chemical erosion of tropical volcanic islands

VELOCITY OF VISCID FLOW LANDSLIDES IN THE EVENT OF A PILE CURTAIN AND A CONTINUOUS RETAINING WALL

In regions of intensive precipitation, slopes tend to become viscid due to accumulated moisture. The ultimate resistance of soils susceptible to landslides is equal to zero, while shear stresses between layers are proportional to the velocity gradient. To prevent landslides, slope soil is stabilized by a continuous retaining wall or a row of sparsely erected piles. The effectiveness of these methods is measured by the diminishing rate of the sliding speed at the landslide-prone slope. Due to the non-linear nature of the viscid flow, the Navier - Stokes equations cannot be applied. To perform a more precise calculation, the entire flow is broken down into segments in respect of which the analysis of the viscid flow can be performed; individual results are consolidated on the basis of a common parameter. The first flow section, located at a substantial distance from the buttresses, can be considered as a steady stream of plane gravitational motion alongside the slope. In the second section, the slide is obstructed by the buttress and the parallel flow pattern is formed. There occurs a split of the flow at the critical point of entry, located on the front surface of a solid wall or a buttress. The third section, which can be compared with the flow of viscid fluid in a canal, is typical for buttresses that have a significant length in the direction of the landslide flow. The papers hows that the common parameter applicable both to solid and dispersed barriers is the controlled volume of the fluid flow at the point of entry to the pre-boundary area. As a result of application of the proposed methodology, equations were obtained that made it possible to calculate the speed of the viscid slide depending on different types of piles. The paper describes the conditions that make the viscid mass climb over the constructed barrier

RHEOLOGY OF VISCOPLASTIC LANDSLIDES UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS AND IN CASE OF PILING STABILIZATION

The authors analyze rheological equations of viscoplastic landslides under natural conditions and in the presence of a sparse row of piles as an anti-slide barrier. Rheology of viscoplastic slides in the presence of buttresses that significantly alter the pattern and speed of their motion has enjoyed little attention of researchers, although it plays an important role in the analysis of stabilization of landslide flows. Elements of tensor calculus are used to analyze the motion of the viscoplastic matter. An exact solution to the problem of gravitational motion alongside an inclined plane was used as the main one. It is proven that the motion pattern of the viscoplastic matter contains rigid zones where the flow velocity is equal to zero. In the event of motion of a layer alongside an inclined surface, the rigid zone moves together with the viscous surface, and the overall velocity of the viscoplastic flow will be determined by the rheology of the viscous surface. This paper provides solutions designated for the identification of rigid zones of cohesive soils, as well as soils that demonstrate internal friction and cohesion. The authors have proven that whenever piles are used, the nucleus of the landslide mass is stabilized

Hydrothermal system and acid lakes of Golovnin caldera, Kunashir, Kuril Islands: Geochemistry, solute fluxes and heat output

Golovnin caldera on the southernmost Kuril Island arc Kunashir Island is characterized by intense hydrothermal activity and thermal manifestations of different types inside and outside the caldera. In this paper we report our results of the 2015 field campaign together with already published data and discuss unusual geochemical features of the whole system. Acid chloride sulfate waters discharging inside the caldera are different from hot sulfate chloride waters discharging along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The difference is in the ratios of themain conservative components (Cl, B, Na) and a high fraction of a Ca-SO4 enriched component in the coastal springs. Another unusual feature of the system is the existence of boiling Na-Cl springs outside the caldera, between the caldera thermal fields with Cl-SO4 and SO4 acid waters and SO4-Cl acid-to-neutral springs along the coast. Fumarolic and bubbling gases fromthe caldera are characterized by low3He/4He values (~3.5Ra), isotopically heavy CO2 (δ13C N−2.6‰) and isotopically lightmethane (δ13C≤−40‰). This is a rare case when “chemical” (C-H-O) temperatures are higher than the “isotopic” (CO2-CH4) equilibriumtemperatures. Trace element hydrochemistry shows preferential congruent rock dissolution in ultra-acid steam-heated SO4 waters inside the caldera andmore complicated water-rock interaction for other types of waters. The REE patterns for chloride-sulfate and sulfatechloride waters normalized by average rock show depletion in LREE caused, most probably, by co-precipitation of LREE with mineral assemblages characteristic for argillic and advanced argillic alteration. The only source of chloride in the drainage fromthe Golovnin caldera is the Kipyaschee Lake (Cl-SO4 hot springs on the lake bottom and at its shore). Solute output fromthe Golovnin caldera is lower than that from the other studied volcano-hydrothermal systems of Kuril Islands (5.7 t/d of Cl and 7.3 t/d of SO4). Natural heat output by hot water and steam discharges is estimated as 63 ± 20 MW.Published10-203V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcaniciJCR Journa

Preface

Many volcanoes at any tectonic settings host hydrothermal systems. Volcano-hydrothermal systems (VHS) are result of interaction of the upper part of plumbing systems of active volcanoes with crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere. They are heated by magma, fed by magmatic fluids and meteoric (sea) water, transport and re-distribute magmatic and crustal material. VHS are sensitive to the activity of a host volcano. VHS may have specific features depending on the regional and local tectonic, geologic and geographic settings. The studies reported in this volume help to illustrate the diversity of the approaches and investigations that are being conducting at different volcano-hydrothermal systems over theworld and the results ofwhichwill be of important value in furthering our understanding of the complex array of the processes accompanying hydrothermal activity of volcanoes. About 60 papers were submitted to a special session of “Volcano-Hydrothermal Systems” at the 2015 fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union. The papers in this special issue of the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research were originally presented at that session.PublishedV3V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcaniciJCR Journa

Hydrothermal systems of the Karymsky Volcanic Centre, Kamchatka: Geochemistry, time evolution and solute fluxes

Karymsky Volcanic Centre (KVC) at the middle of the frontal volcanic chain of the Kamchatka arc consists of two joined calderas (Akademii Nauk and Karymsky volcano) and hosts two hydrothermal systems: Akademii Nauk (AN) and Karymsky (K). The AN is a typical boiling system, with Na-Cl waters (TDS ~ 1 g/l), low gas content (CO2-N2), with deep calculated temperatures of ~200 °C. In contrast, springs of the K systemhave lower temperatures (up to 42 °C), strong gas bubbling, TDS ~2.5 g/l, and are enriched in HCO3 − and SO4 2−, with Mg2+ as the main cation. There are two intriguing characteristics of the K field: (i) their CO2-rich gas (N97 mol%) has the highest 3He/4He ratios ever measured for hydrothermal systems in Kamchatka of ~8 Ra (where Ra = 1.4 × 10−6) and (ii) their thermal waters have an unusual cation composition (Mg N Na N Ca). After the 1996 sublimnic eruption within AN caldera, new hot springs appeared close to the eruption site. In this paper we synthesize all published and new geochemical data sets. The Karymsky Lake and post-1996 new thermal springs demonstrate exponential decreases in their main dissolved species, with a characteristic time of 5 to 8 years. The chemistry of AN and K springs did not change after the eruption. However, the concentration of chloride in the lake water approached ~35 mg/l, compared with a background of 8–11 mg/l revealing a possible new source of hot water within the Karymsky Lake. All thermal fields of the KVC are drained by the Karymsky River with an outflow rate at the source of ~2 m3/s (flowing out from Karymsky Lake) and at the exit from the Karymsky caldera of ~4.5 m3/s. Using the measured solute fluxes at the source (AN springs) and at the exit (AN+K springs) the natural heat flux fromthe two systems can be estimated as ~67MWand ~120MW, respectively, and ≥20 t/d for the chloride output from both systems.Published28-393V. Proprietà dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcaniciJCR Journa