野鳥における鳥インフルエンザウイルス感染症の疫学調査と動物園飼育鳥類における感染対策

酪農学園大

Countermeasures for avian influenza outbreaks among captive avian collections at zoological gardens and aquariums in Japan

Japan is situated along the East Asian Flyway, which is an important migratory route. Outbreaks of infectious disease could impact bird populations along this route, and is expected to have a negative influence on captive bird populations. Here, we provide a brief overview of the situation regarding avian influenza (AI) in both free-ranging and captive avian species in Japan. We also suggest suitable countermeasures for the prevention and management of AI outbreaks in zoological gardens and aquariums, with special reference to the control of free-ranging duck populations and/or individuals and the nationwide surveillance of AI viruses. Furthermore, we have disclosed the prominence of vaccination program for zoological collections in Japan

シンガポール・ジュロン鳥類公園のアカハシコサイチョウ（Tockus erythrorhynchus）で確認されたCyclocoelidae科吸虫について

On January 2013, a female red-billed hornbill, Tockus erythrorhvnchus. kept in Jurong Bird Park, Singapore, was admitted with severe dyspnea with high pitch sound. It vomited reddish fluid and was recumbent. It stood up for a few minutes after oxygenation, but became unresponsive again and died shortly after. At necropsy, many trematodes were collected from the air-sacs, lungs and trachea. Based on their morphology, the trematodes were identified as Szidatitrema sp. (Cyclocoelidae). This is the first record of a cyclocoelid species from the red-billed hornbill. Taking the life cycle of the family Cyclocoelidae into consideration, the case might have swallowed a certain snail with the metacercaria of the trematode. There has been no report on the pathological effect to the host bird by the trematode, but the severe respiratory symptom found in the present case might be provoked by the trematode.　2013年1月、シンガポールのジュロン鳥類公園で飼育するアカハシコサイチョウ(Tockus erythrorhynchus)が著しい呼吸促迫ならびに赤色液状物吐出を主徴とした呼吸器症状を呈して斃死した。この個体の気嚢および肺・気管からCyclocoelidae科吸虫が発見された。Szidatitrema属と同定されたが、種同定は良好な標本の再採集の機会を待ちたい。本科吸虫の生活史の特色として、中間宿主となる貝内にメタセルカリア寄生も起こることが知られていることから、そのような貝類摂取による感染が推測される。この鳥種からCyclocoelidae科吸虫が発見されたのは初めてであった。少数寄生では宿主に与える影響は小さいと考えられるが、今回の症例は呼吸困難な状態で斃死し、剖検で呼吸器系に多数虫体が確認されていたことから、死因の一部となっていたことが考えられた

First record of Porrocaecum semiteres (Zeder, 1800) Baylis, 1920 (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from a Superb Starling, Lamprotornis superbus Ruppell, 1845 with an overview of the genus Porrocaecum recorded from Japanese birds

A young male superb starling, Lanzprotornis superbus Ruppel, 1845 died suddenly in December 9, 2009 in Saitama Children\u27s Zoo, Saitama Prefecture, Japan. A total of 12 nematode specimens observed in the post mortem were identified as Porrocaecum semiteres (Zeder, 1800) Baylis, 1920 by their measurements and morphological characters. This is the second record for P. semiteres from Japan. And L. superbus is reported as the first host record for P. senziteres. Considering that P. semiteres requires earthworms as an intermediate host in its life cycle, it is likely that the starling was infected with the nematode by ingestion of earthworms in the cage

Detection of avian haemosporidia from captive musophagid birds at a zoological garden in Japan

One captive musophagid bird at a zoological garden in Japan showed clinical symptoms and was found to be infected with avian haemosporidia. We subsequently collected blood from all musophagid birds kept in the garden and examined for avian haemosporidia using both microscopic and molecular examination. Only Haemoproteus gametocytes were observed in the blood of two Guinea turaco (Tauraco persa). Three genetic lineages of Haemoproteus were identified from three Guinea turacos and one genetic lineage of Leucocytozoon was identified from a grey plantain-eater (Crinifer piscator). Detected Haemoproteus lineages were all identical and completely different from those previously reported in Japan, suggesting that these birds were infected in their original habitat. This is the first record of Haemoproteus infection in Guinea turacos