Online) An Open Access

ABSTRACT According to the report of WHO, one person every 8 seconds (annual three million) loses her/his life due to smoking. The lateral smoke of a cigarette is the one that the people around the smoker inhale and it is more toxic than the main smoke of a cigarette. Nonsmokers who inhale cigarette smoke indirectly are called passive smokers. In this study, the effect of passive cigarette smoke inhalation on lipid profiles in diabetic rats was evaluated. In this intervention study, 24 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 220 g randomly divided into 4 groups of 6 animals: healthy control, diabetic control, smoker treatment and smoker-diabetic treatment groups. In the diabetic control and treatment groups the diabetes was induced with a single dose (65mg / kg) injection of streptozotocin in the IP form. The blood sugar levels of rats were measured using a glucometer after 24 hours; so, the rats with higher glucose levels than 250 mg / dl were considered as diabetic. The healthy treatment and diabetic treatment groups were exposed to the inhalation of passive smoke of a cigarette burned during 1 to 2 minutes for 30 days routinely. After one month, the rats were decapitated and the blood samples were obtained. The samples were centrifuged and the serum was separated. The amounts of serum lipid profiles, including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, and HDL were measured using diagnostic kits and spectrophotometric method and the obtained results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tokay test. During the study, all groups were exposed to the same environmental and light conditions as well as unlimited access to food and water. Statistical comparison of the results obtained in this study showed that there is no significant difference serum LDL and HDL levels in Treatment group. In conclusion it can be said that smoking causes the LDL increase and the HDL decrease which are in turn the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

THE EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING ON PLASMA MDA AND TAC IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

ABSTRACT Cigarette smoke contains 4,720 toxic and mutagenic substances such as carbon monoxide, aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine. Smoking has always been considered one of the main causes of oxidative stress. Because of smoking, several free radicals are produced in the body that can damage vital macromolecules such as proteins and lipids. In recent years, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) has been considered as the most important factors of oxidative stress by researchers. In this study, which was conducted as a comparative study 15 smoker university students who smoke at least one year were considered as treatment group and 15 nonsmoker university students were selected as a control group, all with no history of illness and medication and weighing 70 to 75 kg. The results of the present study showed that smoking does not cause significant changes in the parameters of the understudied population

The effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke on serum lipid profile in the rat

Passive cigarette smoke contains five times more carbon monoxide and six times more nicotine compared to the main smoke because cigarette filter has a protective role for smokers. Cigarette smoke contains a range of oxidants and free radicals that can directly or indirectly induce oxidative stress in the body. Adding some aromatic ingredients to cigarette may play an important role in increasing damage and free radicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke on serum lipid profile in rats. For this purpose, 16 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups of eight rats, control and treatment. There was no intervention in the control group, but treatment group was exposed to a cigarette passive smoke on a daily basis for a month. After a month, the rat tail vein blood samples were taken and after separation of the sera, serum lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL was measured and the results were statistically analyzed using t-test. There was a significant (

Photobiological effects of helium neon laser on hematologic and biochemical factors of rabbit blood

Low-level helium neon laser has many applications due to its photobiostimulatory effects. Although the therapeutic effects of low-level laser radiation of different wavelengths and doses are well known, but the exact mechanism of action of the laser radiation on living cells is not yet determined. The present study is designed to evaluate the photobiological effects of 2 mw helium neon laser with wavelength of 632.8 nm on hematologic and biochemical factors of rabbit blood for this purpose, 30 male New Zealand white rabbits with the body weight of 1/5-2 kg were randomly allocated into two groups of control and laser treatment. Animals of both groups were anesthetized and those of laser treatment group were subjected to irradiation with helium neon laser at a                        wavelength of 632.8 nm and output 2 mw for 30 minutes. Finally blood samples were collected from all animals and the biochemical and hematologic factors evaluated. Significant difference (

Urinary Metabolomics From a Dose-Fractionated Polymyxin B Rat Model of Acute Kidney Injury

Background: Polymyxin B treatment is limited by kidney injury. This study sought to identify Polymyxin B-related urinary metabolomic profile modifications for early detection of polymyxin-associated nephrotoxicity. Methods: Samples were obtained from a previously conducted study. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received dose-fractionated polymyxin B (12 mg/kg/day) once daily (QD), twice daily (BID), and thrice daily (TID) for three days, with urinary biomarkers and kidney histopathology scores determined. Daily urine was analysed for metabolites via 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Principal components analyses identified spectral data trends with orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis applied to classify metabolic differences. Metabolomes were compared across groups (i.e., those receiving QD, BID, TID, and control) using a mixed-effects models. Spearman correlation was performed for injury biomarkers and the metabolome. Results: A total of 25 rats were treated with Polymyxin B, and n = 2 received saline, contributing 77 urinary samples. Pre-dosing samples clustered well, characterised by higher amounts of citrate, 2-oxoglutarate, and hippurate. Day 1 samples showed higher taurine; day 3 samples had higher lactate, acetate and creatine. Taurine was the only metabolite that significantly increased in both BID and TID compared with the QD group. Day 1 taurine correlated with increasing histopathology scores (rho = 0.4167, P = 0.038) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) (rho = 0.4052, P = 0.036), whereas KIM-1 on day 1 and day 3 did not reach significance with histopathology (rho = 0.3248, P = 0.11 and rho = 0.3739, P = 0.066). Conclusions: Polymyxin B causes increased amounts of urinary taurine on day 1, which then normalizes to baseline concentrations. Taurine may provide one of the earlier signals of acute kidney damage caused by polymyxin B. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherap