S1 guideline: Differential diagnosis of acute and chronic redness of the lower legs

Acute or chronic redness of the lower leg is a frequent reason for visits to clinics and practices. The differential diagnosis is often challenging. The aim of this guideline is to define criteria and procedures for the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic, unilateral or bilateral redness of the lower leg. Finding the correct diagnosis is essential for selecting an appropriate treatment and can help to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics. The guideline committee identified the most relevant differential diagnoses: 1. erysipelas, 2. stasis dermatitis, 3. hyperergic ictus reaction, 4. superficial and deep vein thrombosis, 5. gout, 6. chronic allergic contact dermatitis, and 7. acute toxic or allergic contact dermatitis. Algorithms/diagnostic pathways, each of which can be broken down into anamnesis, clinical examination, and diagnostics, have been developed for these seven diagnoses. In addition, the guideline group identified over 40 other relevant diagnoses and summarized their characteristics in a table to facilitate further differential diagnoses

Mouse nuclear myosin I knock-out shows interchangeability and redundancy of myosin isoforms in the cell nucleus.

Nuclear myosin I (NM1) is a nuclear isoform of the well-known "cytoplasmic" Myosin 1c protein (Myo1c). Located on the 11(th) chromosome in mice, NM1 results from an alternative start of transcription of the Myo1c gene adding an extra 16 amino acids at the N-terminus. Previous studies revealed its roles in RNA Polymerase I and RNA Polymerase II transcription, chromatin remodeling, and chromosomal movements. Its nuclear localization signal is localized in the middle of the molecule and therefore directs both Myosin 1c isoforms to the nucleus. In order to trace specific functions of the NM1 isoform, we generated mice lacking the NM1 start codon without affecting the cytoplasmic Myo1c protein. Mutant mice were analyzed in a comprehensive phenotypic screen in cooperation with the German Mouse Clinic. Strikingly, no obvious phenotype related to previously described functions has been observed. However, we found minor changes in bone mineral density and the number and size of red blood cells in knock-out mice, which are most probably not related to previously described functions of NM1 in the nucleus. In Myo1c/NM1 depleted U2OS cells, the level of Pol I transcription was restored by overexpression of shRNA-resistant mouse Myo1c. Moreover, we found Myo1c interacting with Pol II. The ratio between Myo1c and NM1 proteins were similar in the nucleus and deletion of NM1 did not cause any compensatory overexpression of Myo1c protein. We observed that Myo1c can replace NM1 in its nuclear functions. Amount of both proteins is nearly equal and NM1 knock-out does not cause any compensatory overexpression of Myo1c. We therefore suggest that both isoforms can substitute each other in nuclear processes

The EnMAP imaging spectroscopy mission towards operations

EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) is a high-resolution imaging spectroscopy remote sensing mission that was successfully launched on April 1st, 2022. Equipped with a prism-based dual-spectrometer, EnMAP performs observations in the spectral range between 418.2 nm and 2445.5 nm with 224 bands and a high radiometric and spectral accuracy and stability. EnMAP products, with a ground instantaneous field-of-view of 30 m x 30 m at a swath width of 30 km, allow for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of surface variables from frequently and consistently acquired observations on a global scale. This article presents the EnMAP mission and details the activities and results of the Launch and Early Orbit and Commissioning Phases until November 1st, 2022. The mission capabilities and expected performances for the operational Routine Phase are provided for existing and future EnMAP users

Extending the TerraSAR-X Ground Segment for TanDEM-X

This paper describes selected areas in which the TerraSAR-X ground segment had to be extended in order to incorporate the TanDEM-X mission, namely flight dynamics, instrument operations and receiving stations and addresses their testing

The Joint TerraSAR-X / TanDEM-X Ground Segment

This paper recalls the essential elements of the joint TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X ground segment. It elaborates on some topics which are usually not in the primary focus from a pure SAR technical point of view, e.g. the flight formation. Both commissioning and early routine phase results from operating the joint TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X ground segment are given

Automation challenges of the Mission Planning System and the Ground Station Network and their Interoperability within the combined TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X Ground Segment

The successful launch of the TDX satellite on June 21st, 2010 marked the beginning of the challenging TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement mission (TanDEM-X). Its primary mission goal is the consistent generation of a high accuracy world-wide global digital elevation model. The satellites TSX and TDX were therefore flown for about four years in a close configuration to form a single-pass (bistatic) spaceborne radar interferometer in a stable baseline configuration. Since the TanDEM-X data taking required both satellites, the on-going TerraSAR-X mission also had to be based on both satellites to counterbalance the TSX interferometric usage. In 2014, the DEM data acquisition was successfully completed. Since then, different flight configurations yielding various perpendicular baseline conditions are used to support the secondary TanDEM-X mission goal, the acquisition and generation of radar data products for a number of science and new technology related applications while the TerraSAR-X mission is still on-going. As the original TerraSAR-X mission already lead to some challenging solutions within its ground segment to fulfill its demanding requirements, the TanDEM-X mission required just as many new ideas and solutions for the acquisition of the DEM data within the combined TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X ground segment. The operation of the new TanDEM-X ground station network asked for elaborate workflows and interfaces with the mission planning system (MPS). And the TanDEM-X Science Phase following the DEM Acquisition Phase since 2014 even put the complexity one level further and again led to an upgrade of the interfaces and workflows between the ground station network and the MPS. One of the major challenges results from the need to consistently handle the different flight formations. The close formation (about 1km or less) of the two satellites enables the ground station to receive data from both spacecrafts within one contact. In the far configuration (about 50 km or more) a ground station with two antennas is able to receive data from both satellites in parallel. Furthermore, in the near formation (something between about 1 and 50km) a ground station with only one antenna can receive data from one satellite only, thus, a reception from both satellites is without specific enhancements in the antenna control, for example already implemented on the German Antarctic Receiving Station (GARS) in O’Higgins, in general only possible using two antennas. In a very specific formation, the so called “close formation with large horizontal baseline”, both spacecrafts are close when they are nearby the poles, and then they take a near formation when they are nearby the equator. Thus, a specific operation type had to be developed for each ground station individually depending on its geographical position and its physical properties. In this presentation, the analysis carried out in close collaboration with the flight dynamics group for the selection of the appropriate operations type per ground station and contact is shown. The outcome of this analysis was a heterogenic pattern of all the ground station contacts of that network. As TanDEM-X data acquisition produces the same amount of data on each of the two satellites, a more homogenous distribution of the downlink time was necessary and thus another complex analysis had to be carried out. The outcome of this secondary analysis will be the main topic of this presentation. In particular, we will discuss the necessity of the adaptation of the various interfaces and workflows between the ground station and the mission planning system. These adapted workflows still allow timeline horizons of several months down to reaction times of only about an hour between the mission planning output and the readiness of the ground station. Based on the information given by the MPS, the ground station is able to optimize its used resources. Furthermore, not only is the recording of the received data driven by the input of the MPS, also, the subsequent quality check of the data is completed within one hour. At the end of the talk, the downlink-scheduling within the MPS will be briefly described. This includes the ground station pool concept and specific features supporting near real-time applications. Here again, the focus will be on the resulting workflows and interfaces of the two missions, TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X, between mission planning and the ground station