Biokemijski učinci ivermektina na spolne hormone i homeostazu minerala u krava baladi pasmine nakon teljenja.

This study investigated the effect of an antiparasitic ivermectin (IVM) drug on the endocrine reproductive hormones of twenty healthy adult 250-350 kg Baladi cows that were 4-7 years of age. The cows were divided into two groups (n = 10 each). The first was a control group injected with physiological saline; the second group was treated with the recommended therapeutic dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, s/c) one day after parturition. Blood samples were taken on the 1st, 15th, 30th and 90th day after IVM treatment. The results revealed that IVM injection at one day after parturition delayed estrous for up to 3 months (absence of estrous signs and rectal palpation revealed no ovarian structures). IVM significantly (P<0.05) decreased serum follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol for up to 3 months. In addition, IVM significantly (P<0.05) increased serum progesterone, prolactin and cortisol for up to 3 months. Further, IVM caused unobservable changes in serum testosterone and sex hormones binding globulin. Serum calcium levels significantly increased on the 1st day of IVM injection, while serum phosphorus significantly decreased on the15th and 30th day of IVM injection. It was concluded that IVM delayed estrous in cows for three months via disturbances in the female reproductive hormones and calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. Therefore, it is recommended that IVM should not be injected directly after parturition. Furthermore, the increased calcium after IVM indicates that an overdose of IVM should not be counteracted by calcium therapy; instead, any other antiallergic preparation could be used.Kod 20 zdravih i odraslih krava baladi pasmine, čija se tjelesna masa kretala od 250 do 350 kg, a dob od 4 do 7 godina, istražen je učinak antiparazitika ivermektina (IVM) na spolne hormone. Krave su bile podijeljene u dvije skupine (10 u svakoj skupini). Prvoj, kontrolnoj skupini bila je prvog dana nakon teljenja ubrizgana fiziološka otopina soli natrijeva klorida, a drugoj preporučena terapijska doza ivermektina (0,2 mg/kg, s/c). Uzorci krvi bili su prikupljeni 1., 15., 30. i 90. dana nakon primjene ivermektina. Rezultati su pokazali da je njegova primjena dan nakon teljenja dovela do odgode estrusa u trajanju do 3 mjeseca (izostali znakovi estrusa i strukture pri rektalnoj palpaciji jajnika). U razdoblju od 3 mjeseca došlo je do signifikantnog (P<0,05) sniženja razine folikulostimulirajućeg hormona (FSH), luteinizirajućeg hormona (LH) i estradiola u serumu. U istom razdoblju ivermektin je uzrokovao signifikantan (P<0,05) porast serumskog progesterona, prolaktina i kortizola, te slabo uočljive promjene razine serumskog testosterona i globulina koji veže spolne hormone. Razina kalcija u serumu značajno je porasla 1. dana, dok je razina fosfora u serumu signifikantno pala 15. i 30. dana od primjene ivermektina. Zaključeno je da ivermektin odgađa estrus kod krava u trajanju od 3 mjeseca putem narušavanja ravnoteže spolnih hormona odnosno poremećaja homeostaze kalcija i fosfora. Zbog toga se ne preporučuje njegovo davanje netom nakon teljenja. Nadalje, povišena razina kalcija nakon njegove prekomjerne primjene ne bi se smjela suzbijati davanjem kalcija, već upotrebom drugih antialergijskih pripravaka

Jednonukleotidni polimorfizmi gena za β-laktoglobulin, k-kazein i DGAT1 kao kandidati za stroge selekcijske kriterije holštajnskih krava s obzirom na sastav i proizvodnost mlijeka

The aim of this study was to investigate β-Lactoglobulin, k-casein and DGAT1 gene polymorphism and to associate this polymorphism with milk composition and performance traits in Holstein cattle using the PCR-DNA sequencing approach. On the basis of farm records, accurate phenotypic data for milk composition and performance traits were obtained for seventy Holstein dairy cows. Blood samples were collected from each animal into tubes containing disodium EDTA as an anticoagulant for DNA extraction. PCR was carried out for amplification of fragments of exon 4 (301-bp) of β-Lactoglobulin, exon 4 (373-bp) of k-casein, and exon 7 (321-bp) of DGAT1 genes. DNA sequencing assessment elaborated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the investigated genes amongst the enrolled dairy cows. On the basis of the dairy cows that harbored identified SNPs in each gene, the animals were allocated into different groups. The least square means of the groups revealed a significant association (P ≤ 0.05) between SNPs and milk production and performance traits. Logistic regression model confirmed a highly significant effect of the identified SNPs on the studied traits, where a moderate to strong relationship was detected between the predictor (SNPs) and the grouping variable (Milk composition and performance traits). Consequently, the identified SNPs in β-Lactoglobulin, k-casein and DGAT1 genes could be used as candidates for developing marker assisted selection (MAS) for milk composition and performance traits in Holstein dairy cattle.Cilj rada bio je, primjenom PCR-DNA metode i analize sljedova, istražiti polimorfizme gena za β-Lactoglobulin, k-kazein i DGAT1 te procijeniti njihovu povezati sa sastavom mlijeka i svojstvima proizvodnosti goveda holštajnske pasmine. Na temelju evidencija s farmi dobiveni su točni fenotipski podaci o sastavu mlijeka i proizvodnosti 70 muznih krava. Za ekstrakciju DNK prikupljeni su uzorci krvi pojedinačnih krava u epruvete koje su sadržavale dinatrijev EDTA kao antikoagulans. PCR je proveden za amplifikaciju fragmenata egzona 4 (301-bp) β-laktoglobulina, egzona 4 (373-bp) k-kazeina i egzona 7 (321-bp) gena DGAT1. Analiza sljedova DNK prikazala je jednonukleotidne polimorfizme (SNPs) u istraženim genima. Uzevši u obzir krave kod kojih su utvrđeni SNP-ove u svakom genu, životinje su raspoređene u različite skupine. Srednje vrijednosti (LSM) skupina pokazale su znakovitu povezanost (P<0,05) između SNP-ova i svojstava proizvodnosti mlijeka. Model logističke regresije potvrdio je visoko znakovit učinak identificiranih SNP-ova na istraživana svojstva, pri čemu je ustanovljena umjerena do jaka povezanost između prediktora (SNP-ovi) i varijabli grupiranja (sastav mlijeka i proizvodnost mlijeka). Posljedično, identificirani SNP-ovi u genima β-Lactoglobulina, k-kazeina i DGAT1 mogli bi se koristiti kao kandidatni pri razvoju postupaka selekcije uz pomoć markera (MAS) za sastav mlijeka i svojstva proizvodnosti u mliječnih goveda pasmine holštajn

The chemo-prophylactic efficacy of an ethanol Moringa oleifera leaf extract against hepatocellular carcinoma in rats

Context: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most well-known threatening tumours around the world, and the outlook remains bleak. Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. Objectives: To assess the chemo-prophylactic proficiency and other likely activities of Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract (MOLEE) against diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were gastrogavaged with MOLEE (500 mg/kg) for one week and then gastrogavaged with MOLEE and DEN (10 mg/kg) for the following 16 weeks. The progressions of the histological components, serum biomarkers and oxidation of DNA of the liver tissues were resolved to assess the prophylactic impacts. The lipid oxidative biomarker, the cancer prevention agent status and apoptotic proteins were surveyed to assess the potential mechanisms. Results: The MOLEE LD50 was estimated to be 5585 mg/kg. MOLEE (500 mg/kg) administration fundamentally repressed the expansion event of knobs and the normal knob number per knob-bearing livers prompted by DEN, enhanced hepatocellular appearance and altogether significantly decreased (p < 0.05) DEN-induced elevations in serum biochemical records and hepatic 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by 29%. The robotic studies found that MOLEE disrupted the DEN-activated oxidative reactivity damage in rats by 46.8%. Curiously, the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and β-arrestin-2 were fundamentally diminished (p < 0.05); however, the expression of Bax and caspase-3 were essentially (p < 0.05) upregulated. Discussion and conclusions: The outcomes presume that MOLEE inspired critical defensive impacts against DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis that might be identified with the implementation of antioxidant activity and actuation of apoptosis

Contrasting genetic influence of PON 1 coding gene polymorphisms L55M and Q192R on individuals’ response to environmental agents

Background: Paraoxonase (PON1) is an A-esterase capable of hydrolyzing the active metabolites (oxons) of many organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. Human PON1 displays two polymorphisms in the coding region (Q192R and L55M) and several polymorphisms in the promoter and the 3′-UTR regions. Animal studies have shown that PON1 is an important determinant of OP toxicity though a direct satisfactory verification in humans is still lacking. Aim: To investigate the impact of polymorphisms in the PON1 coding region (Q192R and L55M) on individual sensitivity to OP poisoning. Subjects and methods: This study enrolled 42 subjects (21 females and 21 males, age range 1.5–53 years) diagnosed of acute OP poisoning. They were classified into 4 grades according to manifestations. All subjects were genotyped for the PON1 gene polymorphisms; Q192R and L55M using RFLP-PCR, then genotype frequencies were compared between different OP grades. Results: Genotype frequency distribution of PON1 L55M polymorphism among different OP poisoning grades revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the four grades. In contrast, frequency distribution of PON1 Q192R polymorphism showed a highly significant (p < 0.001) difference between different grades of OP poisoning, with QQ genotype predominating in grade 4 with a frequency of 66.7%, followed by QR genotype (33.3%), while the RR and QR genotypes were similarly distributed in grade 1 with a frequency of 50% for each. Conclusion: The current results suggest a possible association between QQ genotype and poor OP poisoning prognosis

Improving the Shelf Life and Quality of Minced Beef by Cassia Glauca Leaf Extracts during Cold Storage

Minced beef is a popular meat product due to its low price and superior nutritional value. The contamination of minced beef is a significant risk for the worldwide meat market. Both natural and synthetic preservatives are used to expand the shelf life and improve the quality properties of meat. The harmful effects of synthetic preservatives make natural preservatives more appealing. Therefore, this research was performed to study the impact of different concentrations of Cassia glauca leaf extract (CGE) on increasing the shelf life of minced beef. Seventy-two minced beef samples were divided into control, 0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w CGE treated groups. The control and treated samples were kept at 3 ± 1 °C in the refrigerator for 15 days. Minced beef samples’ sensory, chemical, and microbiological properties were assessed every three days. The gained results showed that the CGE addition effectively decreased the microbial count and maintained the minced beef’s sensory and chemical quality. Additionally, CGE extended the shelf life of minced meat up to 15 days under the proper refrigeration condition compared to the control group, which decomposed after the sixth day of refrigeration. Our study suggested that CGE could be used as a natural preservative for refrigerated minced meat

Effects of Liquid Yucca Supplementation on Nitrogen Excretion, Intestinal Bacteria, Biochemical and Performance Parameters in Broilers

This study was done to determine the impacts Yucca schidigera supplementation to drinking water on the excretion of nitrogen, and subsequently the level of ammonia, intestinal bacterial count, hematological and biochemical parameters, and some performance parameters. A total of 270 one-day old Cobb 500 chicks were equally divided into three groups (90 chicks/group). The first control group (G1) was fed on the basal diets without any yucca supplementation. The 2nd and 3rd groups (G2 and G3) were fed on basal diets with Yucca Plus liquid®, at an 8 h/day supplementation rate of 0.5, and 1 mL/L to drinking water, respectively. The chicks that received yucca showed significant decreases in litter nitrogen content, when compared to controls. The chicks that received liquid yucca had reduced counts of total bacteria (TBC) (p &lt; 0.05), Escherichia coli, and a non-significant increase in the number of lactic acid producing bacteria. They also showed increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, increased levels of immunoglobulins M and G, and decreased levels of lipid peroxidation biomarkers, without a harmful effect on liver and kidney function. The chicks that received yucca showed a better feed conversion ratio. In conclusion, the use of natural additives is necessary to decrease nitrogen losses, feed cost, and environmental pollution; without adverse impacts on animal performance. Liquid supplementation of saponins is valuable for the performance, gut health, and welfare of broiler chickens

Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats.

Oxidative stresses intensify the progression of diabetes-related behavioural changes and testicular injuries. Graviola (Annona muricata), a small tree of the Annonaceae family, has been investigated for its protective effects against diabetic complications, oxidative stress, and neuropathies. This study was planned to investigate the effects of graviola on behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative status of streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg)-induced diabetic rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats were equally allocated into four groups: control (received normal saline 8 ml/kg orally once daily), diabetic (received normal saline orally once daily), graviola (GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; orally once daily), and diabetic with graviola (Diabetic+GR; received 100 mg/kg/day; once daily). Behavioural functions were assessed using standard behavioural paradigms. Also, oxidative statuses of testis were evaluated. Results of behavioural observations showed that diabetes induced depression-like behaviours, reduction of exploratory and locomotor activities, decreased memory performance, and increased stress-linked behaviours. These variations in diabetic rats were happened due to oxidative stress. Interestingly, treatment of diabetic rats with graviola for four weeks alleviated all behavioural changes due to diabetes. Also, rats in graviola-treated groups had greater testicular testosterone and estradiol levels compared with diabetic rats due to significant rise in testicular acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 expression. In the same context, graviola enhanced the antioxidant status of testicular tissues by significantly restoring the testicular glutathione and total superoxide dismutase that fell during diabetes. In addition, Graviola significantly decreased the expression of apoptotic (Bax) and inflammatory (interleukin-1β) testicular genes. In conclusion, these data propose that both the hypoglycemic and antioxidative potential of graviola are possible mechanisms that improve behavioural alterations and protect testis in diabetic animals. Concomitantly, further clinical studies in human are required to validate the current study

Natural Ghee Enhances the Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Reproductive Performance of Female Rabbits

The reproductive effects of several dietary fats (margarine, ghee, and olive oil) on female rabbits were studied. For that purpose, 40 mature female rabbits were designed into four groups of ten rabbits each. Group I was given a control diet, Group II received 10% margarine, Group III received 10% ghee, and Group IV received 10% olive oil; after two months, all rabbits were sacrificed. Lipid profile and reproductive hormones levels were assayed in serum besides ovarian antioxidant enzyme and lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, ovarian tissue was examined using hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemistry of estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor, and caspase 3. Our data revealed that the margarine significantly (p p p > 0.05) increase in the olive oil and ghee- treated group compared to the control group. At the same time, there was a significant increase in serum FSH and (estradiol (E2)) in the ghee and olive oil groups, respectively, compared to the control. The margarine feed group showed moderate immunoreaction of estrogen, FSH, LH receptor, and strong caspase 3, while ghee and olive oil showed strong immunoreaction of estrogen, FSH, LH receptor, and mild immunoreaction of caspase 3 in ovarian tissue. Photomicrograph of rabbit ovarian tissue showed vacuolation in small and growing follicles in the margarine group but appeared normal in ghee and the olive oil-treated group. In conclusion, based on these results, olive oil and ghee have a strong capability of enhancing lipid profile, antioxidant status, and female hormonal functions

Effects of ginger extract and/or propolis extract on immune system parameters of vaccinated broilers

ABSTRACT: Newcastle disease (ND), avian influenza (AI, H5N8), and infectious bronchitis (IB) are important diseases in the poultry industry and cause significant losses. Vaccination is the most practical method for controlling infectious diseases. To reduce vaccination costs and several disorders in poultry farms, using herbal water supplements for immunomodulation with vaccination is critical to improving or preventing some conditions in the poultry industry. However, drinking water supplementation of ginger extract (GE)/propolis extract (PE) alone/in combination may increase broilers’ humoral and cellular immunity due to the immunomodulatory effects of ginger and propolis. This protocol aimed to see how GE/PE alone or in combination improved the immunity, immune organ gene expression, and histology of the immune organs of broilers for 35 d after vaccination against NDV, H5N8, IBV, and IBDV. The chicks were dispensed into 5 groups according to GE and/or PE with vaccination. The control group was offered normal drinking water without any supplements or vaccinations. The GE group was supplemented with ginger extract (1 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The GE+PE group was supplemented with GE (0.5 mL/L drinking water) and PE (0.5 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The PE group was supplemented with propolis extract (1 mL/L drinking water) in the drinking water before and after vaccination for 2 and 3 d, respectively. The fifth group was the vaccinated untreated group. This experiment showed the immunomodulatory properties of GE and/or PE against 3 common diseases, NDV, AI, and IB, in broiler chicken farms for 35 d applied to a vaccination program. Thus, ginger extract and propolis extract supplementation in drinking water increased antibody titer, INF, IL10, and IL2 and TLR3 gene expression in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, respectively, as well as cellular immunity as indicated by increased CD3, CD4, and CD8 in the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen, respectively, with normal lymphocytes in the medulla of the bursa, thymus, and spleen. In conclusion, propolis extracts alone or with GE improved all of the metrics mentioned above without harming the histology of the immune organs