[Accepted Manuscript] Anthropometry and Malaria among Children in Niger: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The complex relationship between malnutrition and malaria affects morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years, particularly in parts of sub-Saharan Africa where these conditions occur together seasonally. Previous research on this relationship has been inconclusive. Here, we examine the association between anthropometric indicators and malaria infection in a population-based sample of children younger than 5 years in Niger. This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial comparing treatment strategies for trachoma in Niger. We included children aged 6-60 months residing in the 48 communities enrolled in the trial who completed anthropometric and malaria infection assessments at the final study visit. We evaluated the association between anthropometric indicators, including height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) and indicators of malaria infection, including malaria parasitemia and clinical malaria. In May 2013, we collected data from 1,649 children. Of these, 780 (47.3%) were positive for malaria parasitemia and 401 (24.3%) had clinical malaria. In models of malaria parasitemia, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00-1.10) for HAZ and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.15) for WAZ. In models of clinical malaria, the aOR was 1.07 (95% CI: 1.02-1.11) for HAZ and 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.19) for WAZ. Overall, we did not find evidence of an association between most anthropometric indicators and malaria infection. Greater height may be associated with an increased risk of clinical malaria

Propriétés de transport de l'antimoniure d'indium à densité de porteurs libres contrôlée par un niveau à relaxation de réseau

Nous avons étudié les propriétés de transport (conductivité électrique et effet Hall) de l'antimoniure d'indium à faible densité de porteurs libres (1011 cm-3 140 K et sous haute pression hydrostatique ( P ∼ 14 kbars) des électrons de la bande de conduction sur des états localisés fortement couplés au réseau cristallin. A basse température ( T 40 K, indépendamment de l'échantillon étudié, un niveau d'impureté profond est actif

Photovoltaic module cascaded converters for distributed maximum power point tracking: A review

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020 Operating photovoltaic (PV) systems under partial shading conditions results in significant power losses. To mitigate partial shading effects, distributed maximum power point tracking (DMPPT) architectures have been proposed. An emerging DMPPT technique represented by PV module cascaded converters (MCCs) has been widely reported in the literature. In this architecture, a DC converter is allocated for each PV module to process and maximise its power. In this sense, mismatch effects are mitigated between PV modules. While MCC architecture has prominent advantages and value-added features, its challenges and limitations cannot be ignored. This study presents a comprehensive review of the state of the art of PV MCC architecture to help readers realise the progress of this DMPPT technique. Several points are extensively discussed and analysed including concept realisation and analysis, DC converter topologies and design optimisation, DMPPT performance limitations, DMPPT control, and protection. The main concepts are reemphasised through a set of simulations. Finally, a list of potential research areas in this field is introduced