2 research outputs found
In vitro potential of the acetone leaf extract and fractions of Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Rubiaceae) to combat co-infection of tuberculosis and helminthiasis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of global importance that affects millions of people.
Approximately a quarter of the world’s population is currently infected with M.
tuberculosis, and about 10% of those infected will develop into active disease,
particularly immune compromised individuals. Helminthiasis is of global health
importance, affecting over 2 billion people mostly in resource-poor countries. Coinfection with tuberculosis (TB) and helminths (worms) is an emerging global public
health concern with both affecting about one-third of the global population. Chronic
infection with helminths can result in impaired immune responses to TB as well as
enhancing failure to TB therapy and BCG vaccination. Antimycobacterial and
anthelmintic activities of the acetone extract and fractions of Psychotria capensis were
evaluated, including their in vitro safety. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and
immunomodulatory effect of the fractions and crude extract of P. capensis were
assessed. Antimycobacterial activity of the extract and fractions was tested against
four non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum, M.
aurum, M. bovis BCG) and pathogenic M. tuberculosis H37Rv while the Egg Hatch
Assay (EHA) was used for the anthelmintic test on eggs of Haemonchus contortus.
Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero kidney cells while in vitro immune modulation via
cytokine production was determined on activated macrophages. The minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) values of the Psychotria capensis acetone extract and fractions
ranged from 39 to 1,250 μg/ml with the crude extract and hexane fraction having the
best MIC values (both 39 μg/ml). In the EHA, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from
160 to 630 μg/ml with the hexane fraction having the best activity. The hexane and
chloroform fractions were relatively non-toxic with LC50 values of 290 and 248 μg/ml
respectively, while the acetone crude extract (64 μg/ml) and n-butanol fraction (71 μg/ml)
were moderately toxic. The SI values (LC50/MIC) ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 with the hexane
fraction having the highest value against M. smegmatis (7.4). The hexane fraction had the best dual anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activity. This fraction had the best NO
inhibitory activity and was the least cytotoxic, indicating that its activity was not due to
general metabolic toxicity, with 96.54% cell viability. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as
IL-12p70 were upregulated while IL-10 expression was inhibited by the extracts.
Compounds were detected using GC-MS analysis, and in both the crude acetone
extract and the hexane fraction was the diterpene neophytadiene, which has antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Finding alternative or complementary
approaches to dealing with TB infections by, amongst other things, reducing the
incidence of helminth infestations may lessen the burden of TB, contributing to slowing
the spread of multi-drug resistance.The Women in Research Fund, South African Medical Research Council (MRC), the National Research Foundation, the University of South Africa and University of Pretoria.https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacologydm2022Veterinary Tropical Disease
In vitro Antimycobacterial, Apoptosis-Inducing Potential, and Immunomodulatory Activity of Some Rubiaceae Species
Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by microorganisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, infects almost one-third of the world’s population. The TB epidemic has been further exacerbated by the emergence of multi, extensively, and totally-drug-resistant (MDR, XDR, and TDRTB) strains. An effective immune response plays a crucial role in determining the establishment of TB infection. Therefore, the modulation of the immune system has been considered as a vital approach for the treatment or control of various immune-related diseases such as TB. In this study, the antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects of six Rubiaceae species were evaluated. A twofold serial dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration values of the plant extracts. The effect of the extracts on the activity of 15-lipoxygenase was investigated. The levels of six different cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, were measured in LPS-activated U937 cell line while the apoptosis-inducing effect of the extracts was evaluated using an annexin V/PI assay using a flow cytometer. The results obtained revealed that all the six extracts tested had antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. tuberculosis ATCC 25177, and Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 27299 strains, with MIC values ranging from 39 to 312 μg/mL. The extracts of Cremaspora triflora and Cephalanthus natalensis were the most active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 39 μg/mL), followed by Pavetta lanceolata and Psychotria zombamontana against M. bovis (MIC = 78 μg/mL). The extracts of P. zombamontana and Psychotria capensis had remarkable IC50 values of 4.32 and 5.8 μg/mL, respectively, better than that of quercetin. The selected extracts promoted Th1/Th2 balances in an in vitro model at the tested concentration which may suggest the therapeutic value of the plant in diseases where inflammation is a significant factor such as TB. The addition of the crude extracts of C. triflora, P. capensis, and P. zombamontana at the tested concentrations to the cell culture medium induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This interesting preliminary result generated from this study encourages further investigations of these extracts owing to the LOX-inhibitory effect, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic-inducing properties in addition to their antimycobacterial properties