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Not AvailableIn this study, the energy consumption of wheat with different crop geometry and irrigation practices was studied, with data collected from primary and secondary sources. The total energy inputs used in various farm operations during wheat crop, the total energy inputs required respectively for conventional practice, for System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) practice and for SWI with drip irrigation was 87,937 MJ ha-1, 69,817 MJ ha-1 and 46,679 MJ ha-1. Average grain yield of wheat in conventional practice was found to be 4.51 t ha-1, 4.85 t ha-1 in SWI practice, and 5.61 t ha-1 in SWI practice with drip irrigation system. Calculated total energy output from wheat crop production with these respective treatments was 136,658 MJ ha-1, 144,380 MJ ha-1 and 158,496 MJ ha-1. The highest net productivity evaluated in terms of energy inputs and outputs was found to be 0.12 kg MJ-1 for wheat when using SWI method with drip irrigation treatment.Not Availabl

SECONDARY GRAIN-GROWTH IN AMMONIUM-NITRATE CRYSTALLIZATION

Crystallization and ageing of pure ammonium nitrate crystals was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Ageing the crystals beyond 1 h led to the growth of secondary grains along the grain boundaries of primary grains (140-200-mu-m). After 6 h ageing secondary growth along grain boundaries was not observed; instead, distinct clusters with morphologies similar to the secondary grains were formed. The ancillary growth obeys approximately the parabolic relation L = (Kt)1/n+1 where n = 1 justifies grain growth in the pure crystals, and its formation is ascribed to the dissolution of dendrites, edges and corners. The high interfacial activity and interparticle voids can affect the storage and mechanical properties of the material

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Not AvailableAn automated drip system was installed in six year old guava orchards in vertisols. Controller of automated system consisted of 32 output port digital, and 14 analog input, with provision for independent and sequence programming of valves and programming for backwash sand filter and fertilizer inject°. Irrigation and fertilizers were provided to guava based on crop water requirement and scheduling; 50% of recommended dose of fertilizer was provided as fertigation with irrigation based on sensor and ET, and 100% fertilizer as conventional. The water application performance of automated drip system was evaluated based on head-discharge relationship of emitters; standard deviation of emitter flow; discharge variation and coefficient of variation of emitter flow; uniformity coefficient; statistical uniformity, and distribution uniformity of emitters. It was found that automated drip system could perform excellent with uniformity coefficient, distribution uniformity and statistical uniformity varied from 96-98%; coefficient of variation of emitter discharge from 0.022-0.032; and emitter flow variation, 7.1-11.6%.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA model was developed using dimensional analysis approach for determining geometry of wetted soil zone under point sources of water application with subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). The predicted values of wetted depth and width were compared with those obtained through field experiments conducted in black vertisols at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, M.P., India. Experimentation included determination of maximum depths and widths of wetted soil zone after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 h of water application through SDI laterals placed at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 m depths below soil surface. The effect of discharge, depths of placement of lateral and duration of water application on wetted width and depth were observed. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between predicted and observed values of wetted width and depth. Predictability of model expressed in terms of model efficiency was found to be 88.7 and 93.3% for wetted width and depth, respectively. Therefore, developed model may be used to simulate wetted depths and width under SDI with point source of water application.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe effect of plastic mulch on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivation under low head drip irrigation systems was studied at ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, PFDC, Bhopal during 2018-19. Drip irrigation system was operated by placing water tank at a total water deliver height of 3 m and varied heads to 2.5 m and 2.0 m to find out the value of coefficient of uniformity under these heads. The experimental treatments consisted in five levels by varying irrigation methods: Flood irrigation, irrigation with drip laid on raised beds, irrigation with drip laid on raised beds covered with black mulch, irrigation with drip laid on raised beds covered with silver mulch and irrigation with drip laid on raised beds covered with white mulch. Growth and yield parameters of chickpea viz., plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, plant dry matter (g/plant), effective nodule per plant and nodules dry weight (mg/plant), number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, seed yield (kg/ha) and harvest index were highest under silver plastic mulch laid on raised beds, irrigated with drip as compared to black plastic mulch and white plastic mulch treatments. Lowest growth and yield parameters were recorded in the flood irrigated treatment. Water Use Efficiency was highest under silver plastic mulch (17.21kg/ha mm) and lowest under flood irrigated condition (3.74 kg/ha mm). Net returns were higher in the treatment under the silver mulch (Rs/ha 77939) and followed by black mulch (Rs/ha 67179) with lowest net returns in the flood irrigated condition (Rs/ha 32690).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSelection of the proper irrigation method will be advantageous to manage limited water supplies and increase crop profitability. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, field economics and water use efficiency on onion under different micro irrigation system. This study was conducted in PFDC field, ICAR-CIAE Bhopal. In this study four irrigation methods (Drip, Sprinkler, Perforated pipe and Flood irrigation method) were used. The higher onion yield obtained with the drip irrigation followed by perforated pipe system and the lowest yield was obtained in flood irrigation system. The large onion sized was higher for the drip irrigation method than the other three methods. It was concluded that drip irrigation system gives more yield and increased onion size while using almost half of the water. This was due to drip irrigation system allowing for more frequent and smaller irrigation depths with higher irrigation efficiency.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn orifice based hydrodynamic cavitation system was developed for treating fresh sugarcane juice, non-thermally. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation treatment parameters such as pressure (2.5, 3, and 3.5 bar), processing time (10, 20, 30, 40 min), and type of orifice plate geometry on the physicochemical attributes such as temperature rise, pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), viscosity, change in colour and microbial load of the sugarcane juice were investigated. The maximum rise in temperature during the treatment was 22 °C at 3.5 bars with the 17 number of orifices. The pH decreased from 4.94 to 4.64 and TSS significantly reduced (p < 0.01) from 20 to 13 °Brix depending on the severity of the treatment. The reduction in viscosity was in the range of 3–48%. The maximum colour change in the juice could be observed when treated at an inlet pressure of 3.5 bar for a processing time of 40 min with a plate having 17 numbers of orifices. The maximum microbial load inactivation from 5.53 log10 CFU/mL to 3.3 log10 CFU/mL was observed at the highest pressure, processing time, and orifices.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe performance of tomato (Var: Laxmi F1 Hyb.) under the covered periphery by insect proof net was evaluated at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal during rabi 2013-15. An insect proof net of 40 mesh size was installed upto 3 m height covering entire peripheral boundary of the experimental field to create partially protected condition. Similar cultural practices were adopted in the adjoining open field as well as in the peripheral insect proof net. Low head drip irrigation system was installed in both the treatments for irrigating the crop. Plant biometric parameters such as plant height, number of branches, yield and quality parameters were monitored and evaluated. The study revealed that in the field with insect proof net, crop height increased by 22 per cent and yield increased by 44 per cent. The economic performance of the field with peripheral insect proof net was found to be better with about 35 percent higher net income than the open field condition (i.e. control).Not Availabl