Effect of environmental factors on nitrifying bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv

Nitrification is a biological process in which nitrifying bacteria oxidise ammonia to nitrate. The process is sensitive to environmental factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, and available substrate. In the present study, the effects of pH, temperature and neem oil on Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter isolated from the rhizosphere of foxtail millet, Setaria italica, were examined. The optimum temperature for the growth of both nitrifying bacteria is 30°C. Nitrobacter is less tolerant to low temperature than Nitrosomonas but the optimum pH for both bacteria is 8.0. Neem oil, when applied at 10 ppm, showed maximum inhibitory effect on growth of both bacteria

GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS) for Recommending Retail Outlet Locations

Many Information Technology (IT) tools play a vital role in the business world due to their wider applicability. Extremely competitive retail environment necessitates retailers to choose new store locations strategically. GIS with its capability to manage, display and analyze business information spatially, is emerging as one of the powerful location intelligence IT tool.  The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of strategic retail outlet location through online Decision Support System (DSS) in Hyderabad Metropolitan city, India. The procedure makes use of data, information and software from Web-based Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to generate online analysis, mapping and visualization systems. These procedures are integrated and synchronized with appropriate data layers (multi data layer system) to arrive at better decisions.  This DSS combines different data layers through spatial methodological analysis to arrive at possible solution for ideal retail store location. Keywords: Retail store site selection; spatial data layers; open source web GIS; DSS

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. METHODS: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. FINDINGS: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. INTERPRETATION: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Clinical Determinants of Increased Left Ventricular Mass on Echocardiogram in Medically Treated Afro-Caribbean Hypertensive Patients

Increased left ventricular mass (LVM) on echocardiogram is an independent risk factor for cardiac complications from hypertension. It is associated with a four-fold increase in untoward cardiac events when present. Data were reviewed for 100 treated hypertensive Afro-Caribbean patients, aged 29 to 65 years, recruited from village health clinics. Age, gender, height, weight, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, echocardiogram (ECHO) and drug history were recorded for each patient. The best single predictor of increased LVM was blood pressure with systolic (163 vs 152 mmHg, p one drug, 4% > 2 drugs) and no drug was associated with significant difference in LVM compared to others. Only 15% of treated hypertensive patients had systolic blood pressure below 140 mmHg and 8% had diastolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg. The major determinant of increased LVM in this group of Afro-Caribbean hypertensive patients appears to be poorly controlled hypertension with obesity being a possible contributing factor. "Determinantes Clínicas del Aumento de la Masa Ventricular Izquierda en los Ecocardiogramas de Pacientes Hipertensos Afro-caribeños Bajo Tratamiento Médico" RESUMEN El aumento de la masa ventricular izquierda (MVI) en los ecocardiogramas es un factor de riesgo independiente en las complicaciones cardíacas de la hipertensión. Se haya asociado con el aumento cuádruple en eventos cardíacos adversos cuando está presente. Se revisaron datos de 100 pacientes afro-caribeños hipertensos, de 29 a 65 años de edad, reclutados de clínicas de salud de diferentes pueblos. Para cada paciente, se registró la edad, el género, la altura, el peso, la presión sanguínea sistólica y diastólica, los ecocardiogramas (ECHO), y la historia de los medicamentos. El mejor predictor simple del aumento de la MVI fue la presión sanguínea, siendo la presión sanguínea sistólica (163 versus 152 mmHg, p < 0.01) y la diastólica (105 versus 98, p < 0.01) significativamente más alta en los pacientes con MVI aumentada. La presión sanguínea sistólica por encima de los 250 mmHg estuvo asociada con el aumento de la MVI en 64% versus 44% por debajo de los 150 mmHg (p < 0.10). La presión sanguínea diastólica por encima de 95 mmHg estuvo asociada con el aumento de MVI en 63% versus 36% por debajo de 95 mmHg (p un medicamento, 4% > 2 medicamentos) y no se asoció ningún medicamento a diferencias significativas en la MVI en comparación con los otros. Sólo el 15% de los pacientes hipertensos tratados tuvo presión sanguínea sistólica por debajo 140 mmHg y 8% tuvo presión diastólica por debajo de 90 mmHg. Se halló que el determinante mayor del aumento de la MVI en este grupo de pacientes hipertensos afrocaribeños, es la hipertensión controlada pobremente, siendo la obesidad uno de los factores contribuyentes posibles

Unusual presentation of cutaneous leiomyoma

Herein, we report a case of leiomyoma cutis because of its rarity and unusual presentation. The case presented with a solitary leiomyoma lesion which was painless. However, the adjacent normal appearing area was tender. A biopsy of the lesion as well as of a portion of the adjacent normal appearing area was taken, which confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous leiomyoma. This may suggest the dormant nature of the disease which has not yet become apparent

Enhancement of Swimming Speed Leads to a More-Efficient Chemotactic Response to Repellent

Negative chemotaxis refers to the motion of microorganisms away from regions with high concentrations of chemorepellents. In this study, we set controlled gradients of NiCl2, a chemorepellent, in microchannels to quantify the motion of Escherichia coli over a broad range of concentrations. The experimental technique measured the motion of the bacteria in space and time and further related the motion to the local concentration profile of the repellent. Results show that the swimming speed of bacteria increases with an increasing concentration of repellent, which in turn enhances the drift velocity. The contribution of the increased swimming speed to the total drift velocity was in the range of 20 to 40%, with the remaining contribution coming from the modulation of the tumble frequency. A simple model that incorporates receptor dynamics, including adaptation, intracellular signaling, and swimming speed variation, was able to qualitatively capture the observed trend in drift velocity

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Not AvailableVariety characterization and identification has become invariably significant for purity maintenance during seed production as well as for the varietal protection under plant variety protection. In the present study, utility of chemical tests for the purpose was evaluated in rice using 155 germplasm accessions. Based on phenol colour reactions, 155 germplasm accessions could be grouped into dark brown, brown, light brown, black and no colour reaction categories comprising of 34, 23, 33, 17 and 48 in each germplasm accession, respectively. Further, germplasm accessions under each category were subjected to modified phenol test that helped in further to differentiate or identification of the rice germplasm accessions. Similarly, sodium hydroxide test and potassium hydroxide test have grouped the germplasm accessions into 2 and 4 colour categories, respectivelyNot Availabl