COMPARISON OF THIMEROSAL EFFECTIVENESS IN THE FORMULATION OF EYE DROPS CONTAINING NEOMYCIN SULFATE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL

Objective: This study was aimed to compare the preservative efficacy of thimerosal in eye drops formulation containing neomycin sulfate and chloramphenicol as the active agents.Methods: Determination of thimerosal concentration in combinations with chloramphenicol and neomycin sulfate was carried out using the agar diffusion method. Then the thimerosal ineffective and minimal concentration was formulated into eye drops, each with 0.5% neomycin sulfate and 0.5% chloramphenicol as the active ingredient. Evaluation of eye drops was carried out for 28 d, which included: visual observation, pH measurement, sterility, and effectiveness test.Results: Thimerosal at a minimum concentration of 0.001% remain to provide antibacterial activity against common eyes contaminants. Both eyes drops containing neomycin sulfate, and chloramphenicol resulted in clear solution, sterile, and stable in the pH and antibacterial potency,showed the efficacy of thimerosal's role in eye drops at the lowest concentration. But, the thimerosal stability as a preservative agent was affected by the pH values of the eye drops solution. Therefore, the effectivity of thimerosal in chloramphenicol (pH 7.19-7.22) was better than neomycin sulfate (6.45-6.60). Compared with F0 (without thimerosal), the increasing of inhibitory diameter in F1 and F2 from both eyes drops formula exhibited the significant role of thimerosal as the preservative agent. The synergistic effect of the preservative agent in the formula produced a better product stability than the eye drop without thimerosal. Conclusion: Thimerosal at a minimum concentration of 0.001% exhibited effective concentration as a preservative in eye drops containing 0.5% neomycin sulfate and 0.5% chloramphenicol

EFFECT OF STERILIZATION BY HEATING IN THE PRESENCE OF BACTERICIDE AND BACTERIAL FILTERED MEMBRANE ON THE STABILITY OF EYE DROPS CONTAINING 0.5% CHLORAMPHENICOL AT VARIOUS pH

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine a sterile 0.5% chloramphenicol eye drop formula with the best potency of antibacterial by determining the appropriate sterilization method and the supporting pH. Methods: 0.5% chloramphenicol was formulated with 0.01% thimerosal, which act as a bactericide and combines with borate buffer to produce eye drop formulas with variations in pH (6.8, 7.0 and 7.4). All formulas were stored at room temperature for 28 d and were evaluated, including: organoleptic of the preparations, sterility, pH stability, and the antibacterial potency of chloramphenicol in eye drops. Results: All dosage formulas did not undergo photodegradation reactions which were marked by no change in color until the end of the storage period. However, the formula with pH 6.8 which was sterilized by heating in a presence of bactericide, showed the presence of more particulate precipitates than in the pH 6.8 formula which was sterilized using membrane filter bacteria. However, both methods of sterilization produced sterile chloramphenicol eye drops. The preparation using a method of heat sterilization with bactericide decreased the pH greater than the preparation using a sterile bacterial filter sterilization method. C2 preparations at pH 7.0 and sterilized using the bacterial filter membrane sterilization method were more stable because they had the smallest pH change of 0.05 and the percentage reduction in antibacterial potential was smaller at 1.15%. Conclusion: The best treatment for the chloramphenicol eye drop was kept the pH formula at pH 7 and sterilized using bacterial filter membrane sterilization method

COMPARISON OF PRESERVATIVES EFFICACY OF BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE, THIMEROSAL AND BENZYL ALCOHOL IN EYE DROP PRODUCTS CONTAINING CHLORAMPHENICOL

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the preservative efficacy of benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal and benzyl alcohol in eye drops formulation containing chloramphenicol as the active agents for producing the sterile and effective eye drops.Methods: The efficacy of preservatives was assayed by evaluating the physical appearance, pH stability, sterility and the antibacterial effectivity of the formulated eye drops. Each of 0.5% chloramphenicol was formulated with different preservatives of benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal and benzyl alcohol at its recommended concentration, 0.01%; 0.01% and 1%, respectively. The in vitro stability was examined periodically for the eye drops formulation stored at room temperature during the 28-day period. The effectiveness of the antibacterial effect of chloramphenicol in eye drops was assayed by using the agar diffusion method against Escherichia coli and evaluated for the diameter of inhibition zones. Result: The clarity of the eye drops formula produced clear solutions. The eye drops formula exhibited relatively stabile on pH. All the formulated eye drops were sterile during the storage time. The appropriate of the sterilization method was thought to contribute to the sterility of eye drops which did not contain preservatives. In addition, it was assumed that the pre-reaction of chloramphenicol in inhibiting the contaminants in the eye drop may occur during the storage time. This hypothesis was confirmed by the inhibitory diameter stability produced by the eye drop formulas containing preservatives compared to that of not. The decrease in inhibition diameter occurred during the storage period (28 d) of each formula was as follows: F0 (51.58%), F1 (35.76%), F2 (31.86%), and F3 (35.35%). The best stability based on the antibacterial activity of the chloramphenicol eye drops was produced by F2 which used 0.01% thimerosal as its preservative. The differences in inhibition diameter were significantly influenced by the presence and the type of preservatives. Conclusion: 0.01% thimerosal indicated the best improvement on the efficacy of 0.5% chloramphenicol eye drop

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON ANTISEPTIC GEL STABILITY CONTAINING GREEN TEA EXTRACT FORMULATED WITH ALOE VERA GEL

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the stability of antiseptic gel products containing green tea extract combined with aloe vera gel by observing the physical properties and the antibacterial effectivity during storage time with different temperature. Methods: The gel of Aloe vera were separated from the leaves using a sterile knife. While the dried green tea leaves were extracted using a maceration method. Both of active agents were combined with different concentration and formulated into an antiseptic gel product. The carbopol in a fixed concentration was used as a gelling agent. The antiseptic gel in different formulas (F1-F9) were evaluated for 56 d in different temperature storage of 18 and 25 °C. The physical properties (color, pH and viscosity) were observed and the antibacterial effectivity of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: As a result, the green tea extract and aloe vera gel were successfully incorporated into the carbopol formulation. Each formula represented a slight difference in the pH and viscosity value of each temperature during the storage time. But statistically, both temperatures did not give a significant difference to the pH and viscosity of each gel product. Therefore, the different effect given by the storage temperature was determined by analyzing the antibacterial effectivity results. The storage temperature of 18 °C gave a significant difference in the diameter of inhibition zones against S. aureus, compared to that of 25 °C. Formula number 9 containing the combination of 5% green tea extract and 6.24% aloe vera gel performed the highest antibacterial effectivity with the optimum storage temperature at 18 °C. Conclusion: The storage temperatures used in this study gave significant effect to physical properties stability and its antibacterial effectivity

SIMPLE DESIGN OF MINIATURIZED CABINET FOR COMPOUNDING VITAMIN C EFFERVESCENT TABLET IN LABORATORY SCALE

Objective: The aim of this study was to design miniaturized cabinet that needs the tight requirements in formulating the ingredients of the effervescent tablets to minimize the relative humidity value in order to prevent the initial effervescent reaction.Methods: The compounding workspace was created by designing cabinet arranged with special equipment so that the humidity and temperature of the mixing chamber could be monitored. The conditioning of the workspace was carried out using a variety of methods ie lights, active silica gel and a combination of both during certain observation times. In this study, all of the components in the effervescent tablet formula were mixed using two steps of the wet granulation method. The evaluation of effervescent tablets included: the appearance of the tablet, diameter, tablet thickness, weight uniformity, hardness, friability, tablet disintegration time, pH of the solution, and hedonic test.Results: The results of moisture control optimization indicated that the most rapid method of lowering moisture was using a combination of active light and silica gel. After 100 min, this method could decreased the relative humidity (RH) by 0.415% per min. Based on the evaluation results, all formulas achieved the requirements of good effervescent tablets.Conclusion: In this research, the design of compounding cabinets with dimensions of 60x40x59.5 cm was proven to produce effervescent tablets that fulfill the requirements

CABBAGELEAF EXTRACT(BRASSICA OLERACEA VAR. CAPITATA ALBA) AS A HERBAL MEDICINE FOR LEUCORRHEA

Objective:This study was aimed to examine antifungal activity of cabbage leaf extracts against Candida albicans, determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), analyzed the comparative value of the extracts with ketoconazole and studied the fastest contact time to eliminate Candida albicans. Methods: The extraction of fresh cabbage leaf was done using the maceration method. The antifungal activity test and its comparative analysis against ketokonazole were assessed using the agar diffusion method. The extracts were tested for determining minimum inhibitory concentration value (MIC) using solid medium. While the fastest contact time test was performed using turbidimetric method.Results: Based on its inhibitory diameter, cabbage leaf extracts gave potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The MIC concentrations of testing extracts were various ranged from 1.50 to 1.75%w/v. In a comparative analysis of the extracts with ketoconazole, showed that ketoconazole gave greater antifungal activity than the extract at the same concentration. Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 2.5% gave the fastest contact time (2.5 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans, while Cabbage leaf extract with concentration 0.4% gave the longest contact time (15 minutes) for eliminating Candida albicans.Conclusion:Cabbage leaf extract has a potential antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and prospective to be developed as a topical herbal medicine for treating candidiasis. Â

EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON POTASSIUM CONTENT AND ANTI-SHIGELLOSIS ACTIVITY OF KLUTUK BANANAS (MUSA BALBISIANA COLLA) FRUIT FLOUR

Objective: to investigate the effect of heat treatment on the potassium content and anti-shigellosis action of klutuk banana fruit flour. Methods: The klutuk banana fruit slices were heat-treated using a validated oven under varied parameters of 30-50 °C for 15–40 h. Based on its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and the potassium analysis, the selected condition was then applied to the processing of bananas to produce stable flour. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was used to quantify the potassium concentration after the MIC value was calculated using the microbroth dilution method. Results: The best heat treat for the anti-shigellosis activity with a MIC of 3.125 mg/ml was at 50 °C for 20 h. The amount of potassium in the flour of klutuk banana fruit that had the best anti-dysentery activity was 0.3773 mg/ml or 9.76% of the total potassium content. But according to our research, the lower water content of banana flour caused by longer drying times and higher temperatures had no effect on the existence of antimicrobial metabolites. Conclusion: The potassium gain and anti-shigellosis action of klutuk banana fruit were thus significantly impacted by heat during the flour-processing stage

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY ON SELECTED INDONESIAN WEEDS EXTRACTS: A NOVEL INSIGHT TO ANTI-SHIGELLOSIS

Objective: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum S.), weed grass (Imperata cylindrica L.), pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa L.) and nut grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) are selected weeds found in Indonesia which have been used as ruminants feeding with a complete diet component and evidently reported that bioactive contents of weeds provide more protection to microbial attack than that of crops. This has led to an increase interest in the investigation of weed extracts as anti-shigellosis agents for humans and animals, but there is still no data regarding on phytochemical and pharmacological of our selected weeds as an anti-shigellosis. Therefore, the objectives of this study was to analyze phytochemical and anti-shigellosis properties of those selected weeds towards sensitive (S) and resistant S. dysentriae (R) strains of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazoles. Methods: Phytochemical screening was done using the standard method and further analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The anti-shigellosis activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method; meanwhile, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) value was determined using the microdilution method. Results: In general, weeds contain flavonoids, steroid, and quinone compounds. The resulted anti-shigellosis showed that all weed extracts produced higher inhibition to sensitive than resistant strains. The MIC-MBC values of each weed on sensitive and resistant, respectively, were as follow: P. purpureum S (S=≥1.25%; R=≥2.5% w/v); I. cylindrica (S=≥5.0%; R=≥ 2.5-10.0%w/v); H. corymbosa (S=≥2.5%; R=≥2.5-10%w/v); and C. rotundus (S=≥2.5-5.0%; R=≥5.0-10%w/v). From these data, all of these weeds have the potential to complement antibiotics that are no longer effective in the treatment of shigella infections. Conclusion: In summary, P. purpureum extract could be promoted as a novel supplement phytopharmaceutical for the treatment of bacillary dysentery

EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF INDONESIAN VARIETIES SWEET POTATO LEAVES EXTRACT FROM CILEMBU AGAINST Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in Vitro antibacterial  activity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) leaves ethanol extract  against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Methods: The study was performed by collecting and determining plant samples, extraction, moisture content assay, phytochemical screening, Thin layer Chromatography, antibacterial activity using agar diffusion method using perforator of 11 mm in diameter and Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) test using macrodilution method against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313.Results: The Phytochemical analysis of the sweet potato leaves extract revealed the presence of  flavonoids, tannin, steroid and polyphenolic compound. The sweet potato leaves ethanol extract showed significant zone of inhibition in a dose dependent manner against Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 13313 with the range of MIC and MBC was 10-20 % b/v.Conclusion : It can be concluded that the sweet potato leaves ethanol extract  shows promise as an antibacterial agent for inhibiting bacillary dysentery due to the presence of biologically active ingredients with antimicrobial activity in the extract.Keywords: sweet potato, Cilembu, Indonesia, antidysentery, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC 1331

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI ACNE GEL CONTAINING CITRUS AURANTIFOLIA FRUIT JUICE USING CARBOPOL AS GELLING AGENT

Objective: The objective of this study was to design a product of anti-acne gel containing Citrus aurantifolia fruit juice as an effective antibacterial to treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis using carbopol as a gelling agent. Methods: The fresh juice of C. aurantifolia fruit was obtained by juicer and pasteurized for 30 min at 65-70 °C. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fruit juice was determined using the microdilution method. Then, carbopol in different concentration was incorporated in a gel base formula to obtain a stable gel base. The fresh juice in different formulas (F1, F2 and F3) was evaluated for 28 d. The color, pH and viscosity of each formula were observed. In addition, the antibacterial potency of each formula was analyzed using the agar diffusion method against both tested bacteria. Results: The citrus MIC values of both test bacteria showed different results, 20-40 % v/v for P. acne and 5-10 % v/v for S. epidermidis. The MIC values were converted into in vivo concentration and the resulted concentrations for each formula were 25, 50 and 75 % v/v. For supporting the formula, the most stable base gel was achieved using carbopol 1 % as the gelling agent. Among three formulas, the anti-acne gel formula containing 75 % fruit juice with carbopol 1% was the best formula based on the physical and microbiological parameter. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that the antiacne gel of fruit juice of C. aurantifolia with carbopol as a gelling agent could produce the effective and stable gel of anti-acne product