Delta G from Compass

Measurements of the gluon polarization $\frac{\Delta G}{G}$ via the open charm channel and based on the helicity asymmetry of large transverse-momentum hadrons in the final state are presented. The data have been collected in the years 2002-2004 by the COMPASS experiment at CERN using a 160 GeV/c polarized muon beam scattered off a polarized $^6$LiD target. The new result for $\frac{\Delta G}{G}$ from the charm channel is $-0.57 \pm 0.41 (stat.)$ at $x_G \simeq 0.15$ and scale $\mu^2 \simeq 13$ (GeV/c)$^2$. The gluon polarization from high-$p_T$ hadron pairs is $\frac{\Delta G}{G} = 0.016\pm 0.058 (stat.)\pm 0.055 (syst.)$ at $x_G \simeq 0.085^{+0.07}_{-0.035}$ ($Q^2 < 1$ (GeV/c)$^2$ and $\mu^2 \simeq 3$ (GeV/c)$^2$)Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Talk given on XIV Interantional Workshop on DIS, 20-24 April, 2006, Tsukuba, Japa

Towards classification of simple dark energy cosmological models

We characterize a class of simple FRW models filled by both dark energy and dark matter in notion of a single potential function of the scale factor $a(t)$; $t$ is the cosmological time. It is representing potential of fictitious particle - Universe moving in 1-dimensional well $V(a)$ which the positional variable mimics the evolution of the Universe. Then the class of all dark energy models (called a multiverse) can be regarded as a Banach space naturally equipment in the structure of the Sobolev metric. In this paper we explore notion of $C^{1}$ metric introduced in the multiverse which measure distance between any two dark energy models. If we choose cold dark matter as a reference one then we can find how so far apart are different models offering explanation of present accelerating expansion phase of the Universe. We consider both models with dark energy (models with the generalized Chaplygin gas, models with variable coefficient equation of state $w_{X}=\frac{p_{X}}{\rho_{X}}$ parameterized by redshift $z$, models with phantom matter) as well as models basing on some modification of the Friedmann equation (Cardassian models, Dvali-Gabadadze-Porati brane models). We argue that because observational data still favor the $\Lambda$CDM model all reasonable dark energy models should belong to the nearby neighborhood of this model.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, the paper presented at 42nd Karpacz Winter School of Theoretical Physics: Ladek, Poland, 6-11 Feb 200

International tourism in Małopolskie Województwo: the present situation and prospects for development

Małopolskie Województwo is one of the most popular tourist regions in Poland. Due to many attractions, long traditions of hosting tourists and well-developed accommodation facilities, Małopolskie Województwo has become the destination for a growing number of international tourists in recent years. Significant growth in incoming international tourism is found both in Kraków and in mountain areas. The objective of this paper is to present the state of development of incoming international tourism in Małopolskie Województwo

Chasing Lambda

Recent astronomical observations of SNIa, CMB, as well as BAO in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, suggest that the current Universe has entered a stage of an accelerated expansion with the transition redshift at $z \simeq 0.5$. While the simplest candidates to explain this fact is cosmological constant/vacuum energy, there exists a serious problem of coincidence. In theoretical cosmology we can find many possible approaches alleviating this problem by applying new physics or other conception of dark energy. We consider state of art candidates for the description of accelerating Universe in the framework of the Bayesian model selection. We point out advantages as well as troubles of this approach. We find that the combination of four data bases gives a stringent posterior probability of the $\Lambda$CDM model which is 74%. This fact is a quantitative exemplification of a turmoil in modern cosmology over the $\Lambda$ problem.Comment: Talk presented at the "A Century of Cosmology - Past, Present and Future" conference, S.Servolo(Venice), Italy, August 27-31 2007. To be published in Il Nuovo Ciment

Testing and selection cosmological models with dark energy

It is described dynamics of a large class of accelerating cosmological models in terms of dynamical systems of the Newtonian type. The evolution of the models is reduced to the motion of a particle in a potential well parameterized by the scale factor. This potential function can be reconstructed from distant supernovae type Ia data and many cosmological models represented in terms of the potential becomes in a good agreement with current observational data. It is proposed to use the information criteria to overcome this degeneracy within a class of A) dark energy models and B) simple models basing on modification of the FRW equation. Two class of models can be recommended by the Akaike (AIC) and Schwarz (BIC) information criteria: the phantom and $\Lambda$CDM models.Comment: Talk at Albert Einstein Century International Conference at Palais de l'Unesco, Paris, France, 18-23 July 2005; to appear in the Proceedings; AIP style files included, 6 pages, 2 figure

Optimization of exposure time division for wide field observations

The optical observations of wide fields of view encounter the problem of selection of best exposure time. As there are usually plenty of objects observed simultaneously, the quality of photometry of the brightest ones is always better than of the dimmer ones. Frequently all of them are equally interesting for the astronomers and thus it is desired to have all of them measured with the highest possible accuracy. In this paper we present a novel optimization algorithm dedicated for the division of exposure time into sub-exposures, which allows to perform photometry with more balanced noise budget. Thanks to the proposed technique, the photometric precision of dimmer objects is increased at the expense of the measurement fidelity of the brightest ones. We tested the method on real observations using two telescope setups demonstrating its usefulness and good agreement with the theoretical expectations. The main application of our approach is a wide range of sky surveys, including the ones performed by the space telescopes. The method can be applied for planning virtually any photometric observations, in which the objects of interest show a wide range of magnitudes.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figure

The natural brackets on couples of vector fields and 1-forms

All natural bilinear operators transforming pairs of couples of vector fields and 1-forms into couples of vector fields and 1-forms are found. All natural bilinear operators as above satisfying the Leibniz rule are extracted. All natural Lie algebra brackets on couples of vector fields and 1-forms are collected

Bayesian analysis of the backreaction models

We present the Bayesian analysis of four different types of backreation models, which are based on the Buchert equations. In this approach, one considers a solution to the Einstein equations for a general matter distribution and then an average of various observable quantities is taken. Such an approach became of considerable interest when it was shown that it could lead to agreement with observations without resorting to dark energy. In this paper we compare the LambdaCDM model and the backreation models with SNIa, BAO, and CMB data, and find that the former is favoured. However, the tested models were based on some particular assumptions about the relation between the average spatial curvature and the backreaction, as well as the relation between the curvature and curvature index. In this paper we modified the latter assumption, leaving the former unchanged. We find that, by varying the relation between the curvature and curvature index, we can obtain a better fit. Therefore, some further work is still needed -- in particular the relation between the backreaction and the curvature should be revisited in order to fully determine the feasibility of the backreaction models to mimic dark energy.Comment: Extended analysis compared to v1. Matches published version