International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Hybrid Nanocrystals of Small Molecules and Chemically Disordered Polymers

Organic crystals formed by small molecules can be highly functional but are often brittle or insoluble structures with limited possibilities for use or processing from a liquid phase. A possible solution is the nanoscale integration of polymers into organic crystals without sacrificing long-range order and therefore function. This enables the organic crystals to benefit from the advantageous mechanical and chemical properties of the polymeric component. We report here on a strategy in which small molecules cocrystallize with side chains of chemically disordered polymers to create hybrid nanostructures containing a highly ordered lattice. Synchrotron X-ray scattering, absorption spectroscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the polymer backbones form an "exo-crystalline" layer of disordered chains that wrap around the nanostructures, becoming a handle for interesting properties. The morphology of this "hybrid bonding polymer" nanostructure is dictated by the competition between the polymers' entropy and the enthalpy of the lattice allowing for control over the aspect ratio of the nanocrystal by changing the degree of polymer integration. We observed that nanostructures with an exo-crystalline layer of polymer exhibit enhanced fracture strength, self-healing capacity, and dispersion in water, which benefits their use as light-harvesting assemblies in photocatalysis. Guided by computation, future work could further explore these hybrid nanostructures as components for functional materials

Selective oviposition of the mayfly Baetis bicaudatus

Abstract Selective oviposition can have important consequences for recruitment limitation and population dynamics of organisms with complex life cycles. Temporal and spatial variation in oviposition may be driven by environmental or behavioral constraints. The goals of this study were to: (1) develop an empirical model of the substrate characteristics that best explain observed patterns of oviposition by Baetis bicaudatus (Ephemeroptera), whose females lay eggs under rocks protruding from high-elevation streams in western Colorado; and (2) test experimentally selective oviposition of mayfly females. We surveyed the number and physical characteristics of potential oviposition sites, and counted the number and density of egg masses in different streams of one watershed throughout two consecutive flight seasons. Results of surveys showed that variability in the proportion of protruding rocks with egg masses and the density of egg masses per rock were explained primarily by seasonal and annual variation in hydrology, and variation in geomorphology among streams. Moreover, surveys and experiments showed that females preferred to oviposit under relatively large rocks located in places with high splash associated with fast current, which may provide visual, mechanical or both cues to females. Experiments also showed that high densities of egg masses under certain rocks were caused by rock characteristics rather than behavioral aggregation of ovipositing females. While aggregations of egg masses provided no survival advantage, rocks selected by females had lower probabilities of desiccating during egg incubation. Our data suggest that even when protruding rocks are abundant, not all rocks are used as oviposition sites by females, due to female selectivity and to differences in rock availability within seasons, years, or streams depending on variation in climate and hydrogeomorphology. Therefore, specialized oviposition behavior combined with variation in availability of quality oviposition substrata has the potential to limit recruitment of this species