FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL CREAM OF CHLORPHENESIN

Objective: The main aim of our research was to develop an Antifungal cream formulation consisting of Chlorphenesin for the treatment of Fungal infections. Topical route is the most suitable route for skin infections. Methods: The development of topical drug delivery systems designed to have systemic effects appears to be beneficial for a number of drugs on account of several advantages over conventional dosage forms(or) routes of drug administration. An Antifungal cream formulation consisting of Chlorphenesin was prepared. Results: The formulation was subjected to in vitro diffusion studies. Microbiological studies were performed to find out the safety of materials used in the formulation. Conclusion: The developed cream consisting of Cholrphnesin was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of fungal infection

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PULSATILE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF SALBUTAMOL SULFATE FOR THE CHRONOTHERAPY OF ASTHMA

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to design and evaluate a time-controlled single unit oral pulsatile drug delivery system containing salbutamol sulfate for the prevention of nocturnal asthma attacks.Methods: Drug containing core tablets (C1-C10) with different composition of superdisintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, and crospovidone were prepared by direct compression technique. The fast disintegrating core tablet formulation was selected, and press-coated tablets (P1-P11) were prepared with different compositions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymers: Ethylcellulose-20 (EC-20), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M, and low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (L-HPC LH11). The coating polymers were selected and quantified based on in vitro lag time and drug release profile in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids.Results: Formulation C10 with 7.5% crospovidone showed least disintegrating time, i.e., 0.31 min and was selected as the best immediate release core tablet. The press-coated tablet formulation P11 having 360 mg barrier layer of EC-20 and L-HPC LH11 in ratio 14:1 over the core tablet C10 showed rapid and complete drug release nearly after 6 h lag time. Accelerated stability studies of the optimized formulation P11 indicated no significant difference in release profile after a period of 6 months.Conclusion: The in vitro dissolution study showed that lag time before drug release was highly affected by the coating level and nature of coating polymer used. Time-controlled pulsatile release tablets can be prepared using press-coating techniques

BUCCAL MUCOADHESIVE FILMS

The buccal route of administration has many advantages, including gastrointestinal bypass surgery and first pass through the liver. The mucoadhesive membrane is a retention dosage form that can release the drug directly into the biological matrix. Cheek technology has proven to be an advanced alternative to other traditional devices. The type of drug delivery system. This is a mature technology for systemic administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients [API]. In addition, due to their small size and thinness, these films improve patient compliance. Over the past decade, because it is a promising delivery alternative for multiple therapeutic categories, including peptides, vaccines and nanoparticles. Mucosal adhesions are currently explained by six theories: electronics, adsorption, wettability, diffusion, degradation and mechanics. Various in vitro and in vivo techniques are suggested. Study its mechanism. This study includes an overview of the mechanisms and theories of mucosal adhesion, and introduces the most commonly used methods. The "film casting method" involves casting an aqueous solution and/or organic solvent to produce a film suitable for the application route. The determination of key properties such as mucosal adhesion strength, uniformity of active ingredient content and permeability are important research areas in the field of buccal membrane design

Coexistence of para and ferromagnetic phases of Fe3+ in undoped CdZnTe (Zn r-v 4%) crystals

The signatures of the coexistence of para and ferromagnetic phases for the Fe3+ charge state of iron have been identified in the low temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra in undoped CdZnTe (Zn ~ 4%) crystals and independently verified by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID)and AC susceptibility measurements. In the paramagnetic phase the inverse of AC susceptibility follows the Curie-Weiss law. In the ferromagnetic phase the thermal evolution of magnetization follows the well-known Bloch T3/2 law. This is further supported by the appearance of hysteresis in the SQUID measurements at 2 Kbelow Tc which is expected to lie in between 2 and 2.5 K

Cross reactive cellular immune responses in chickens previously exposed to low pathogenic avian influenza

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Avian influenza (AI) infection in poultry can result in high morbidity and mortality, and negatively affect international trade. Because most AI vaccines used for poultry are inactivated, our knowledge of immunity against AI is based largely on humoral immune responses. In fact, little is known about cellular immunity following a primary AI infection in poultry, especially regarding cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL’s).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In these studies, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-defined (B²/B²) chickens were infected with low pathogenic AI (LPAI) H9N2 and clinical signs of disease were monitored over a two weeks period. Splenic lymphocytes from infected and naïve birds were examined for cross reactivity against homologous and heterologous (H7N2) LPAI by ex vivo stimulation. Cellular immunity was determined by cytotoxic lysis of B²/B² infected lung target cells and proliferation of T cells following exposure to LPAI.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Infection with H9N2 resulted in statistically significant weight loss compared to sham-infected birds. Splenic lymphocytes derived from H9N2-infected birds displayed lysis of both homologous (H9N2) and heterologous (H7N2) infected target cells, whereas lymphocytes obtained from sham-infected birds did not. T cell proliferation was determined to be highest when exposed to the homologous virus.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Taken together these data extend the findings that cellular immunity, including CTL’s, is cross reactive against heterologous isolates of AI and contribute to protection following infection.</p

Diagnostic Accuracy of Dried Blood Spots Collected on HemaSpot HF Devices Compared to Venous Blood Specimens To Estimate Measles and Rubella Seroprevalence.

Fingerprick blood spotted onto filter paper offers an alternative to venous blood for use in population-based surveillance because it is comparatively inexpensive, acceptable, and easy to manage in the field. Prior studies have shown excellent agreement for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody detection from dried blood spots (DBS) and venous blood samples. However, much of this evidence is from high-income settings or laboratories where the samples were unlikely to be exposed to extreme temperatures and humidity, factors known to degrade DBS. We report the diagnostic accuracy of DBS collected using HemaSpot HF devices against venous sera in measuring measles- and rubella-specific IgG antibodies in a household serosurvey conducted in two districts in India. Paired serum and DBS samples collected by fingerprick were collected from women aged 15 to 50 years enrolled in a serosurvey in Palghar District of Maharashtra and Kanpur Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh in India. Specimen quality and volume were assessed in the laboratory. Samples were tested for antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Euroimmun). Sensitivity of antibody detection by DBS was greater than 98%, and specificity was 90% and 98%, for measles and rubella IgG, respectively. Antibody concentrations were strongly correlated between paired specimens with adequate volume (measles R2 = 0.94; rubella R2 = 0.89). Although correlation was poor if DBS specimens had lower volumes, impact on qualitative results was minimal. This study showed DBS collected with HemaSpot HF devices can generate highly accurate results of measles- and rubella-specific IgG compared to sera in community-based surveys when protocols are optimized for DBS specimens. IMPORTANCE Dried blood spot (DBS) collection provides an easy, practical, and acceptable alternative to venous blood collection, especially for community-based studies, provided that results from DBS are accurate. We demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for measles- and rubella-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) with DBS collected via HemaSpot HF devices compared to serum samples. This is one of the largest community-based diagnostic accuracy studies of measles and rubella antibody testing with DBS and the first application we are aware of using HemaSpot HF device for measles and rubella serology. Results support the use of DBS in community-based serosurveillance

EDA Complexes of 2,3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone with Some Substituted Anilines

Electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes of several substituted anilines with the pi-acceptor 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (DClNQ) in chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane were studied by a spectrophotometric method. Experimental data has been shown to confirm the 1:2 stoichiometry of the acceptor-donor in spite of the apparent linearity of the Benesi-Hildebrand plot for a 1:1 complex. The calculated values of oscillator strengths, transition moments, and thermodynamic parameters confirms the 1:2 (A:D) stoichiometry of the complexes. The formation constants and molar absorptivities for these AD(2) complexes have been evaluated. The stoichiometry was unaffected by the variation of the temperature over a small interval and also by the change in polarity of the solvent. The order of the donor strength followed the sequence: N-benzylaniline > p-chloroaniline > m-chloroaniline > o-chloroaniline