Embedding Quantum into Classical: Contextualization vs Conditionalization

We compare two approaches to embedding joint distributions of random variables recorded under different conditions (such as spins of entangled particles for different settings) into the framework of classical, Kolmogorovian probability theory. In the contextualization approach each random variable is "automatically" labeled by all conditions under which it is recorded, and the random variables across a set of mutually exclusive conditions are probabilistically coupled (imposed a joint distribution upon). Analysis of all possible probabilistic couplings for a given set of random variables allows one to characterize various relations between their separate distributions (such as Bell-type inequalities or quantum-mechanical constraints). In the conditionalization approach one considers the conditions under which the random variables are recorded as if they were values of another random variable, so that the observed distributions are interpreted as conditional ones. This approach is uninformative with respect to relations between the distributions observed under different conditions, because any set of such distributions is compatible with any distribution assigned to the conditions.Comment: PLoS One 9(3): e92818 (2014

Exact limiting solutions for certain deterministic traffic rules

We analyze the steady-state flow as a function of the initial density for a class of deterministic cellular automata rules (``traffic rules'') with periodic boundary conditions [H. Fuks and N. Boccara, Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 9, 1 (1998)]. We are able to predict from simple considerations the observed, unexpected cutoff of the average flow at unity. We also present an efficient algorithm for determining the exact final flow from a given finite initial state. We analyze the behavior of this algorithm in the infinite limit to obtain for R_m,k an exact polynomial equation maximally of 2(m+k)th degree in the flow and density.Comment: 25 pages, 8 figure

Conversations on Contextuality

In the form of a dialogue (imitating in style Lakatos's Proof and Refutation), this chapter presents and explains the main points of the approach to contextuality dubbed Contextuality-by-Default.Comment: Opening chapter (pp. 1-22) in "Contextuality from Quantum Physics to Psychology," edited by E. Dzhafarov, S. Jordan, R. Zhang, V. Cervantes. New Jersey: World Scientific Press, 201