Interaction of Spatially Localized LHW with Banana Particles

The paper proposes a novel mechanism of LHW stochastic acceleration of electrons in a tokamak

PROTEINS AND FATS IN THE SERUM OF RABBITS FED DIFFERENT QUANTITIES OF DRIED OLIVE CAKE

The subject of this research is the nutritive effect that different quantities (10 and 20%) of dried olive cake had on total proteins and the proportion of individual proteins, on triacylglycerols, on total cholesterol, HDL and glucose in the serum of fattened rabbits following a 56-day experiment. The experiment involved 60 rabbits, divided into three groups: a control group (C) and two test groups (E 1 and E 2 ), each comprising 10 males and 10 females. Throughout the experiment, rabbits in group C received no olive cake in their feed; group E 1 rabbits were fed a feed mixture containing 10% of dried olive cake; group E 2 rabbits received a feed mixture containing 20% of dried olive cake. After the 56th day of the experiment, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture, and specific haematological variables, total proteins and their fractions, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and glucose were established in the serum. The results obtained show no significant differences in the concentration of total proteins, albumin, alpha 1 , alpha 2 , beta and gamma globulin in the serum of rabbits in control group and in the two test groups. Similarly, no significant differences were found in the concentration of serum triacylglycerols and glucose between group C rabbits and the two test groups. However, group E 1 rabbits did show a significantly lower concentration of cholesterol compared with those in group E 2 ; group E 1 rabbits also had a significantly (P<0.01) lower concentration of HDL in their serum than those in group E 2 . Results of the study show that 10% and 20% of dried olive cake had neither detrimental effect on health, nor did they cause significant changes in the level of proteins, lipids and glucose in the serum of rabbits after a 56-day feeding period. Addition of dried olive cake into rabbit diets may therefore be recommended. Hyla rabbits, feeding, olive cake, serum, proteins, lipids and glucose Cultivation of olives has a long-standing tradition in many countries throughout the world, but it is particularly well developed in the Mediterranean area. Olive cake is the industrial by-product left following the extraction of oil from olives. The resulting considerable quantities of olive cake can be used as food for certain categories of livestock. Alternatively, they are simply deposited in the area around oil extraction plants where, due to their long period of degradation, they pollute the environment for prolonged periods of time. For certain types of animals (ruminants, rabbits, etc.) olive cake can be used as feed in somewhat greater quantities, while for chickens and pigs olive cake should form only a smaller portion of their daily diet. Depending on the technological procedure used in the extraction of olive oil, the resulting olive cake contains 3.5 -8.5% of oil, 2.5 -6.0% of raw proteins and other nutrient

Formation of convective cells in the scrape-off layer of the CASTOR tokamak

Understanding of the scrape-off layer (SOL) physics in tokamaks requires diagnostics with sufficient temporal and spatial resolution. This contribution describes results of experiments performed in the SOL of the CASTOR tokamak (R=40 cm, a = 6 cm) by means of a ring of 124 Langmuir probes surrounding the whole poloidal cross section. The individual probes measure either the ion saturation current of the floating potential with the spatial resolution up to 3 mm. Experiments are performed in a particular magnetic configuration, characterized by a long parallel connection length in the SOL, L_par ~q2piR. We report on measurements in discharges, where the edge electric field is modified by inserting a biased electrode into the edge plasma. In particular, a complex picture is observed, if the biased electrode is located inside the SOL. The poloidal distribution of the floating potential appears to be strongly non-uniform at biasing. The peaks of potential are observed at particular poloidal angles. This is interpreted as formation of a biased flux tube, which emanates from the electrode along the magnetic field lines and snakes q times around the torus. The resulting electric field in the SOL is 2-dimensional, having the radial as well as the poloidal component. It is demonstrated that the poloidal electric field E_pol convects the edge plasma radially due to the E_pol x B_T drift either inward or outward depending on its sign. The convective particle flux is by two orders of magnitude larger than the fluctuation-induced one and consequently dominates.Comment: 12th International Congress on Plasma Physics, 25-29 October 2004, Nice (France

Physics of transport barriers

The concept of ExB flow velocity shear suppression is utterly fundamental in modern fusion research. It is asserted that there are models enabling to understand the physics involved in LH transitions. To improve the understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of Transport Barriers, especially the relation between Internal and Edge barriers it is necessary to invoke the issue of electric fields. Edge transport barriers are the feature of the H-mode, the baseline regime of ITER, whereas Internal Transport Barriers are used to develop regimes that might be employed for steady state operation of ITER , definitely beneficial for design and operation of fusion power plants in the future. Their synergy will be addressed. Plasma flows are closely connected to electric fields. Therefore, their role is crucial for understanding of tokamaks aimed at the achievement of fusion energy. This appears in the well known neoclassical theory as the most accomplished and selfconsistent basis for understanding of fusion plasmas. It pertains to the novel concept of "zonal flows" emerging from the recent development of gyro-kinetic transport codes. The equilibrium poloidal and toroidal flows are also crucial for the concept of the electric field shear suppression of plasma turbulence in tokamaks. Yet, this timely and topical issue has remained largely unaddressed experimentally because of great difficulties in measuring flows in plasmas