The first paleoxylotomical evidence from the Mid-Eocene Climate Optimum from Turkey

Petrified wood is important evidence of forest type and past climate. Studies from mainly the Neogene of Turkey described many fossil woods, and revealed valuable information about the paleoenvironment structure and climate. This is the first occurrence of plant macrofossils belonging to the Middle Miocene Climate Optimum, a crucial period in Earth's history, found in Turkey. The purpose of the present study is to investigate, for the first time, the Middle Eocene Climate Optimum of Turkey through the first identification of two paleoxylotomical findings of Lutetian age from Central-North Turkey. After working on the thin wood sections, a new fossil genus of Lauraceae, Actinodaphnoxylon gen. nov. was described with a type species of Actinodaphnoxylon zileensis sp. nov. Another coniferous specimen was described as Pinuxylon cf. P. tarnocziense. These species indicate the presence of warm, humid rainforest and lower mountain forest 40-41 million years ago in the middle Black Sea region (Tokat-Zile) of North-Central Turkey. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The comparatively examination on some bio-ecological properties of two scot pine forests on Koyulhisar, Sivas

Scots pine forest properties will help us in obtaining information about how to use the forests within the system and about their capacity, as well as learning their bio-ecological features. Such information will support the knowledge about their protection and use conditions. This study aims to reveal the bio-ecological characteristics of the Igdırdag and Sisorta scots pine forests in Koyulhisar. Also, to compare two scots pine forests in terms of their characteristics. Five stations were determined in each forest. The geographic position was determined with GPS and 15 scots pines were randomly selected for each station. The age, the bark thickness, the tree height and the diameter were measured. The amount of accumulated litter on the soil surface and the physical properties of soil were also determined in the laboratory. Sisorta scots pine forest had higher elevation and lower slope, and also, scots pine tree in Sisorta has larger diamter. In terms of soil properties, the soil of Igdırdag scots pine forest had higher lime content than Sisorta scots pine forest. Aspect of each station in two forests is different from each other. The two forests had similar properties for scots pine properties except diameter. Similarly, soil properties except lime content show homogeneity. Aspect and slope of each station could be cause those differences. The more researcher stated that shading aspect is positively effect on site index for different species. In conclusion, Koyulhisar scots pine forests is healty. The increasing human population has a negative impact on the forest and the establishment of new forests is unavoidable

6 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) depreminin Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu Erkenek ve Pazarcık Segmentleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Çelikhan-Gölbaşı (Adıyaman) Arasından Gözlemler

Bu çalışmada, Doğu Anadolu Fay Zonu (DAFZ) güney kolunu oluşturan parçalarda 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen Mw=7.7 büyüklüğündeki Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) depremine bağlı olarak gelişen yüzey kırıklarının, 1/25.000 ölçeğinde haritalanarak belirlenen morfolojisi ve atım miktarları esas alınarak bölgesel ölçekte değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yüzey kırığı üzerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda, Çelikhan’da 2.90 m olarak ölçülen sol yanal yer değiştirmenin Gölbaşı/Balkar’a doğru 3.80 m’ye ulaştığı, ana şokun olduğu yere yaklaşıldıkça da arttığı görülmektedir. Çelikhan’da dar bir deformasyon zonu geliştiren yüzey kırığı, Gölbaşı/Balkar mevkiine doğru sola sıçrama yaparak genişlemeli bir deformasyon zonu oluşturmaktadır. Bu duruma bağlı olarak 60 cm’ye varan düşey atımların da ölçüldüğü söz konusu alanda küçük ölçekli çek-ayır havzaların geliştiği gözlenmiştir.This study aims to evaluate on a regional scale the surface ruptures that developed on the segments forming the southern branch of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), on 2023 February 6, based on the morphology and slip amounts determined by mapping at 1/25.000 scale. It has in sight that the left lateral displacement, which measured 2.90 m at Celikhan, reached 3.80 m towards Golbasi/Balkar along the surface rupture and increased as close to the location of the main shock. The surface rupture developing a narrow deformation zone in Celikhan forms an extensional deformation zone by stepping to the left towards Golbasi/Balkar locality. Due to this situation, small-scale pull-apart basins have developed in the area, where vertical offsets up to 60 cm are also measured

Seismic Geomorphology and Surface Rupture Features of 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ) Earthquake (Mw=6.8) Along the Pütürge Segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone

On Friday, January 24, 2020 at 20.55 local time, an earthquake with a magnitude ofMw = 6.8 has occurred in Sivrice district of Elazığ. The focal mechanism solution is consistentwith pure left-lateral strike-slip faulting; the location of the epicenter and fault mechanismsuggest deformation along the Pütürge Segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. A 10-dayfieldwork was carried out along the Pütürge Segment to study surface deformation; the geometryof the surface rupture and other seismic geomorphological structures were mapped andstudied. The field data is also correlated with satellite images. This paper therefore presentsclassification of seismic geomorphological structures and discuss intimate relationship betweenfault geometry and stress field in the region.Seismic geomorphological deformation and related features of the Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquakeare observed in the area between Gezin (Elazığ) and Ormaniçi (Pütürge) villages; theyare classified into two as seismotectonic and seismo-gravitational features. Surface ruptureand cracks, uplifted and subsiding topography and elongated pressure ridges are commonseismotectonic surface features. Seismo-gravitational surface features include structures relatedto mass movements, lateral spreading and liquefaction. Field observations confirm thatseismo-gravitational structures develop along both Gezin-Sivrice-Doğanbağı and Doğanbağı-Çevrimtaş-Ilıncak-Koldere-Ormaniçi sections of the Pütürge Segment while surface rupture Koldere-Ormaniçi section. Small-scale landslides, rock falls, feather cracks along asphaltic roads,and laterally discontinues ground failure-related features are common seismo-gravitationalstructures that developed along the fault zone. In addition, small-scale lateral spreading andliquefaction structures are common especially in areas where fault-perpendicular streamsmeet the Karakaya Dam reservoir. The surface rupture is mapped as stepping and overlappingen echelon fractures along elongated pressure ridge between Çevrimtaş and Doğanbağ villages,to northwest of Ilıncak village, along 1.5-km-long pressure ridge between Topaluşağı andDoğanyol, across the elongated hill that developed on an alluvial fan to the northwest of Doğanyoland in the area between Koldere and Ormaniçi villages. Surface fractures deformingthe pressure ridges are all aligned parallel to the long axes of the ridges. They also displayreverse components and define small-scale pop-up structures.Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) studies indicate a 10-cm uplift in the northwestern block ofthe fault and a 6-cm subsidence in the southeast block. The difference in vertical movementsbetween two blocks of the fault is interpreted to suggest that at least 30-km-long section of thePütürge Segment in the area between southwest of Sivrice and Pütürge is broken during themain shock. Although the focal mechanism solution of the main shock gives pure left-lateralstrike-slip faulting, there is no significant left-lateral displacement observed during the fieldwork.This can be explained by followings: (i) left-lateral strike-slip displacement was notable to reach the surface; (ii) left-lateral torque movement of the fault around a vertical axisduring the earthquake, (iii) restraining bend nature of the Pütürge Segment, or (iv) the presenceof Pütürge metamorphics along the fault strike. It is also important to note that along mostpart of the Pütürge Segment where surface rupture is observed, talus, colluvial or alluvial fansediments are exposed; unconsolidated and/or poorly consolidated nature of these sedimentsmay also be counted as one of the main reason for not observing horizontal displacement onthe surface.</p

Surface deformations of 24 January 2020 Sivrice (Elazığ)–Doğanyol (Malatya) earthquake (Mw = 6.8) along the Pütürge segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone and its comparison with Turkey’s 100-year-surface ruptures

On Friday, January 24, 2020 at 20.55:11 local time (17:55 UTC), an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 6.8 has occurred in Sivrice district of Elazığ (Eastern Turkey). Focal mechanism solution is consistent with pure left-lateral strike-slip faulting; the location of the epicenter and fault mechanism suggest deformation along the Pütürge segment of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. A 10-day fieldwork was carried out along the Pütürge segment to study surface deformation; the geometry of the surface rupture and other seismic geomorphological structures were mapped and studied in detail. The field data are also correlated with satellite images. This paper, therefore, presents classification of seismic geomorphological structures and discuss intimate relationship between fault geometry and stress field in the region. Seismic geomorphological deformation and related features of the Sivrice (Elazığ) earthquake are observed in the area between Gezin (Elazığ) and Ormaniçi (Pütürge) villages; they are classified into two as seismotectonic and seismo-gravitational features. Field observations confirm that seismo-gravitational structures develop along both Gezin-Sivrice–Doğanbağı and Doğanbağı–Çevrimtaş–Ilıncak–Koldere–Ormaniçi sections of the Pütürge segment, while surface rupture is mapped as seismotectonic structure only along the Doğanbağı–Çevrimtaş–Ilıncak–Koldere–Ormaniçi section. Small-scale landslides, rock falls, feather cracks along asphaltic roads, and laterally discontinues ground failure-related features are common seismo-gravitational structures that developed along the fault zone. In addition, small-scale lateral spreading and liquefaction structures are common especially in areas where fault-perpendicular streams meet the Karakaya Dam reservoir. The surface rupture is mapped as stepping and overlapping en échelon fractures along elongated pressure ridges between Çevrimtaş and Doğanbağ villages, to northwest of Ilıncak village, along 1.5-km-long pressure ridge between Topaluşağı and Doğanyol, across the elongated hill that developed on an alluvial fan to the northwest of Doğanyol and in the area between Koldere and Ormaniçi villages. Surface fractures deforming the pressure ridges are all aligned parallel to the long axes of the ridges and display reverse components that give rise to small-scale pop-up structures. Interferometric SAR (DInSAR) studies indicate a 10-cm uplift in the northwestern block of the fault and a 6-cm subsidence in the southeast block. The difference in vertical movements between two blocks of the fault is interpreted to suggest that at least 30-km-long section of the Pütürge segment in the area between southwest of Sivrice and Pütürge is broken during the main shock. Although the focal mechanism solution of the main shock gives pure left-lateral strike-slip faulting, there is no significant left-lateral displacement observed during the fieldwork. This can be explained by the following: (1) left-lateral strike-slip displacement was not able to reach the surface; (2) left-lateral torque movement of the fault around a vertical axis during the earthquake, (3) restraining bend nature of the Pütürge segment, or (4) the presence of Pütürge metamorphics along the fault strike. It is also important to note that along most part of the Pütürge segment where surface rupture is observed, talus, colluvial or alluvial fan sediments are exposed; unconsolidated and/or poorly consolidated nature of these sediments may also be counted as one of the main reason for not observing horizontal displacement on the surface. When we compare these surface deformations with the surface ruptures that occurred in the last 100 years in Turkey, we suggest that the formation of the surface deformations is variable depending on: (1) the fault type and the state of regional stress, (2) the magnitude of the earthquake, (3) the duration time of the earthquake and (4) the geomorphologic feature of landscape in relation to the lithologic and structural features of the rock units along the active fault zone

6 şubat kahramanmaraş depremleri sonrasında Ecemiş Fayı’nda meydana gelen kabuksal deformasyonların GNSS yöntemiyle belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmada, Ecemiş Fayı ve çevresindeki kabuksal deformasyonun belirlenmesi amacıyla kurulan 28 noktalı GNSS ağında 6 Şubat Kahramanmaraş depremleri sonrası meydana gelen kosismik deformasyon incelenmiştir. TÜBİTAK 121Y409 numaralı proje kapsamında kurulan GNSS ağı, bölgede yer alan TUTGA noktaları ve TUSAGA-Aktif istasyonları ile genişletilerek 64 noktalı bir GNSS ağı oluşturulmuştur. Proje ağında kampanya tipi 25 noktada, 2022 Temmuz ayında bir kampanya GNSS ölçümü yapılmıştır. 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde meydana gelen Kahramanmaraş depremlerinden sonra ise 2023 Temmuz ayında bir kampanya daha ölçüm yapılmıştır. Ayrıca ağda yer alan TUTGA noktalarının ve TUSAGA-Aktif istasyonlarının deprem öncesi (presismik) dönemde en az 3 farklı yıla ait GNSS verileri temin edilmiştir. Tüm GNSS verileri GAMIT/GLOBK yazılımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ağda yer alan TUTGA ve TUSAGA noktalarının deprem öncesi verileri ile bu noktalara ait Avrasya sabit (ITRF14) hızları elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca TUSAGA Aktif istasyonlarının deprem sonrası (postsismik) 10 aylık verilerinin değerlendirilmesiyle deprem sonrası hızlar elde edilmiştir. Deprem öncesi ve sonrası hızlar kullanılarak kampanya tipi noktaların hızları enterpolasyon yöntemi ile hesaplanmıştır. Kampanya tipi noktalarda depremin neden olduğu atım miktarları, enterpolasyon ile elde edilen hızlar kullanılarak deprem öncesi ve sonrası koordinatların deprem anı epoğuna kaydırılmasıyla hesaplanmıştır. Kampanya tipi noktalarda atım miktarlarının doğu bileşende 10 mm ile 410 mm ve kuzey bileşende ise 18 mm ile 316 mm arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir

Surface rupture during the 6th of February 2023 Mw 7.6 Elbistan-Ekinözü (Kahramanmaraş) earthquake: implications for fault rupture dynamics along the northern branch of East Anatolian Fault Zone

On the 6th of February 2023, Mw 7.7 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) and Mw 7.6 Ekinözü (Kahramanmaraş) earthquakes thatoccurred in Türkiye are devastating earthquake series that filled the existing seismic gaps on East Anatolian Fault Zone on the sameday. The first Mw 7.7 earthquake caught most people in their sleep and 9 h later, a second one was triggered, ending up with more than50k death toll, widespread damage to buildings, and massive landslides. This study presents the surface rupture geometry and coseismic displacement characteristics determined with field observations immediately after February 6, 2023, Ekinözü (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye) earthquake (Mw 7.6). Preliminary implications show that the total rupture length is 130 ± 10 km on the Çardak segment and Doğanşehir segment, known as the northern branch of the East Anatolian Fault Zone. Left lateral strike-slip faulting is developed with a maximum horizontal displacement of 6.60 m and an average displacement of 3.00 m. Furthermore, the pitches of slip lines ranging from 0° to 10° were measured on the neoformed fault planes. In addition to that, surface rupture exhibits restraining bends and releasing bends structure at small scales on the Çardak segment. From this point on, our preliminary results signify that Çardak and Doğanşehir segments were consecutively broken in Mw 7.6 Ekinözü (Kahramanmaraş) earthquake that traced between Göksun and Nurhak region and from there reached the Eskiköy regions. Furthermore, potential stress may be concentrated on not only the Sürgü segment which is on the transfer fault between the northern branch and the southern branch of East Anatolian Fault Zone but also the west of the Çardak segment and the northeast of the Doğanşehir segment near Yeşilyurt (Malatya).</p