25 research outputs found
Nitric Oxide Is Involved in Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Activated Jagged1 and Notch1 Signaling.
Pathogenic mycobacteria have evolved unique strategies to survive within the hostile environment of macrophages. Modulation of key signaling cascades by NO, generated by the host during infection, assumes critical importance in overall cell-fate decisions. We show that NO is a critical factor in Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin-mediated Notch1 activation, as the generation of activated Notch1 or expression of Notch1 target genes matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or Hes1 was abrogated in macrophages derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) knockout (iNOS(-/-)), but not from wild-type, mice. Interestingly, expression of the Notch1 ligand Jagged1 was compromised in M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulated iNOS(-/-) macrophages, and loss of Jagged1 expression or Notch1 signaling could be rescued by NO donors. Signaling perturbations or genetic approaches implicated that robust expression of MMP-9 or Hes1 required synergy and cross talk between TLR2 and canonical Notch1-PI3K cascade. Further, CSL/RBP-Jk contributed to TLR2-mediated expression of MMP-9 or Hes1. Correlative evidence shows that, in a murine model for CNS tuberculosis, this mechanism operates in vivo only in brains derived from WT but not from iNOS(-/-) mice. Importantly, we demonstrate the activation of Notch1 signaling in vivo in granulomatous lesions in the brains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human patients with tuberculous meningitis. Current investigation identifies NO as a pathological link that modulates direct cooperation of TLR2 with Notch1-PI3K signaling or Jagged1 to regulate specific components of TLR2 responses. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms by which Notch1, TLR2, and NO signals are integrated in a cross talk that modulates a defined set of effector functions in macrophages
Application of Conscious Sedation in Dentistry
Sedation for dental procedures (with or without local anaesthesia) includes the administration by any route or technique of all drugs which result in depression of the central nervous system. Conscious sedation is administered with an aim to produce a degree of sedation without loss of consciousness, in order to perform a desired function without any hindrance. This technique is being widely followed by paediatric dentists, who utilize the method on uncooperative and anxious patients during any treatment. This technique has many adverse effects. This article reviews the various aspects of conscious sedation in general and paediatric dentistry. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
Use of the Cryptogein Gene to Stimulate the Accumulation of Bacopa Saponins in Transgenic Bacopa Monnieri Plants
Genetic transformation of the Indian medicinal
plant, Bacopa monnieri, using a gene encoding cryptogein,
a proteinaceous elicitor, via Ri and Ti plasmids, were
established and induced bioproduction of bacopa saponins
in crypt-transgenic plants were obtained. Transformed
roots obtained with A. rhizogenes strain LBA 9402 crypt on
selection medium containing kanamycin (100 mg l-1) dedifferentiated
forming callus and redifferentiated to roots
which, spontaneously showed shoot bud induction. Ri
crypt-transformed plants thus obtained showed integration
and expression of rol genes as well as crypt gene. Ti crypttransformed
B. monnieri plants were established following
transformation with disarmed A. tumefaciens strain harboring
crypt. Transgenic plants showed significant
enhancement in growth and bacopa saponin content.
Bacopasaponin D (1.4–1.69 %) was maximally enhanced
in transgenic plants containing crypt. In comparison to
Ri-transformed plants, Ri crypt-transformed plants showed
significantly (p B 0.05) enhanced accumulation of bacoside
A3, bacopasaponin D, bacopaside II, bacopaside III
and bacopaside V. Produced transgenic lines can be used
for further research on elicitation in crypt-transgenic plants
as well as for large scale production of saponins.
Key message The cryptogein gene, which encodes a proteinaceous
elicitor is associated with increase in secondary
metabolite accumulation—either alone or in addition to the
increases associated with transformation by A. rhizogene