Facilitators and barriers to physical activity participation experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults: A mixed methods systematic review protocol

Objective:To synthesize the existing research about physical activity and sport facilitators and barriers experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults in Australia.Introduction:Physical activity and sport have cultural importance for First Nations peoples. Achieving health and broader benefits from physical activity and sport is impacted by experiences of both facilitators and barriers to participation. Identifying how to facilitate participation and overcome barriers to physical activity and sport is important to develop strategies to increase physical activity levels and sport participation among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Several studies have examined physical activity and sport facilitators and barriers experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, and collective synthesis of these studies can provide a more comprehensive understanding of their findings.Inclusion criteria:This mixed methods systematic review will consider studies that include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples aged 18 years and over from any setting or region of Australia. Studies will be considered if they report on facilitators and barriers to physical activity and/or sport participation.Methods:Eleven databases will be searched, as well as gray literature sources, and a selection of websites containing resources relevant to physical activity participation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Studies published in English will be included. No date limits will be set. After screening the titles and abstracts of identified citations, potentially relevant studies will be retrieved in full. Study selection, critical appraisal, data extraction, and data synthesis will be undertaken according to the convergent integrated approach to mixed methods reviews.Systematic review registration number:PROSPERO CRD42020162134

Drug Resistance in Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Eukaryotic microbial pathogens are major contributors to illness and death globally. Although much of their impact can be controlled by drug therapy as with prokaryotic microorganisms, the emergence of drug resistance has threatened these treatment efforts. Here, we discuss the challenges posed by eukaryotic microbial pathogens and how these are similar to, or differ from, the challenges of prokaryotic antibiotic resistance. The therapies used for several major eukaryotic microorganisms are then detailed, and the mechanisms that they have evolved to overcome these therapies are described. The rapid emergence of resistance and the restricted pipeline of new drug therapies pose considerable risks to global health and are particularly acute in the developing world. Nonetheless, we detail how the integration of new technology, biological understanding, epidemiology and evolutionary analysis can help sustain existing therapies, anticipate the emergence of resistance or optimize the deployment of new therapies

A tight lower bound for the steiner point removal problem on trees

Gupta (SODA'01) considered the Steiner Point Removal (SPR) problem on trees. Given an edge-weighted tree T and a subset 5 of vertices called terminals in the tree, find an edge-weighted tree T S on the vertex set S such that the distortion of the distances between vertices in S is small. His algorithm guarantees that for any finite tree, the distortion incurred is at most 8. Moreover, a family of trees, where the leaves are the terminals, is presented such that the distortion incurred by any algorithm for SPR is at least 4(1 -o(1)). In this paper, we close the gap and show that the upper bound 8 is essentially tight. In particular, for complete binary trees in which all edges have unit weight, we show that the distortion incurred by any algorithm for the SPR problem must be at least 8(1 -o(1)). © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.link_to_subscribed_fulltex