A mini review on the Lactic Acidosis in goats and its remedial approaches

The current study was performed in order to investigate the threat of lactic acidosis in goats worldwide and explore the curative strategies. In this regards a detailed review was performed, however obtained facts were found to be much interesting and valuable. It was indicated by researchers that lactic acidosis is the most common problem in goats throughout the worlds. It represents significant economic loss due to direct and indirect effects. It was further stated that goats with lactic acidosis show decreased body temperature up to 98.1±0.89 °F, rumen and intestinal movement 0.23±0.48/m, rumen pH 4.8±0.07, blood pH 7.1±0.08, increased respiration rate 56.14±7.15/m and heart rate, 136.28±4.71/m. Affected goats also show signs of dyspnea, anorexia, inactivity, incoordination and recumbancy. The glucose level remains 190.14±36.49 mg/dl, total bilirubin 0.75±0.04 mg/dl, direct bilirubin 0.27±0.03mg/dl, indirect bilirubin 0.40±0.03 mg/dl, alanine aminotransferase ALT 36.42±3.04 U/l and alkaline phosphatase 420±3.65 U/l. Furthermore, Glucose level, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, ALT (SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase increase with treatment of Cassia Fistula, serum biochemical changes rapidly return to normal compared to treatment with Sodium bicarbonate or Magnesium hydroxide. The ruminal juices changes are also significantly improved with the treatment. The changes in the ingesta color, odor and consistency and rumen pH return to normal with the use of Cassia Fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide. In conclusion, Cassia fistula, Sodium bicarbonate and Magnesium hydroxide could be used as valuable strategies against lactic acidosis in goats. These therapies have been proved to be effective for treating the acidosis in goats.

A review on the influence of dietary immunobiotics on the performance, intestinal morphology and immune-related gene expression in post-hatched broiler chicks

The use of antibiotics in the broiler industry is continuously increasing for promoting growth performance, improving the edible meat yield, and preventing microbial infections in the chicks. Due to the extreme misuse of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance is developing among the broilers and simultaneously to their consumers. Keeping in view these facts current review was planned to understand the effect of different dietary immunobiotics on the performance, intestinal morphology, and immune-related gene expression in post-hatched broiler chicks. The review of the literature indicated that the application of immunobiotics as functional foods and its biological value have been reported by many scientists worldwide. In addition, to develop immunologically functional foods, immunobiotics also help in regulating intestinal immunity. The current review further explored that the immunobiotics regulate intestinal immune homeostasis, cellular and molecular mechanisms. It was also interesting to note that immunobiotics concerning microorganisms stimulate the activation of mucosal immunity in the Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues (GALT). In vitro studies on the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-transfected cells showed that immunobiotics can potentially be used to enhance the immune system in the GALT. Keeping in view reviewed studies on immunobiotics it could be concluded that immunobiotics positively influence the performance, intestinal morphology, and immune-related gene expression in post-hatch chicks. They could be used as the best alternative to antibiotics. Keywords: Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissues; Immune system; Prebiotics; Receptors.

Incorporating Diversity and Inclusion in Early Childhood Education

The purpose of this research was to learn more about the variables that affect teachers' perspectives on diversity and inclusion in the classroom. Two hundred early childhood instructors were surveyed, and twenty were interviewed further as part of a quantitative study strategy. Methods such as descriptive statistics, analysis of variance analyses, and regression analysis were used to examine the data. The findings imply that teachers are aware of and open to taking action in support of efforts to increase school variety and inclusion. However, socioeconomic variables like education level and years of experience may lead to variations in perspectives on diversity and inclusion. Instructors with more training and experience were more likely to consider diversity and inclusion crucial, and they also had greater faith in their own abilities to foster such values. The results stress the importance of teachers and the need for continuing efforts to support their professional growth and training in fostering an environment that values and celebrates differences among children in pre-school and kindergarten. Last but not least, ensuring that all children are given a fair chance to flourish in life requires a commitment to variety and equality in early childhood education

Direct Design of Reinforced Concrete Transfer Girders

This thesis reports experimental and theoretical investigations into the in-plane behaviour of reinforced concrete transfer girders designed by the direct design method. The girders tested were either continuous over two spans or single span. The direct design technique investigated used an elastic stress field obtained from a linear-elastic finite element analysis using the uncracked properties of concrete in conjunction with Nielson's yield criterion given by: (sigmax* - sigmax) (sigmay* - sigmay) - tauxy2 = 0 where sigmax, sigmay and tauxy are the applied stresses at the ultimate load, and sigmax* and sigmay* are the ultimate capacities of the section. An averaging procedure was used to smear out reinforcement requirements and select final bar sizes. This proved more satisfactory than selecting bars based on maximum stresses. A finite element procedure for obtaining an elasto-plastic stress field was developed in order to design the reinforcement. This approach may be better in producing more economical distributions for design the reinforcement. However, this was not adequately evaluated in this research. The experimental study consisted of testing eleven large scale girders. The major parameters studied for the two span continuous girders were; span to depth (L/D) ratio, the influence of the web reinforcement, the effect of using skew reinforcement and the main reinforcement distributions according to either CIRIA Guide 2 or the direct design technique. For the single span girders, the main purpose was to examine the direct design technique for girders with web openings which interrupt the load path. Also, to find the best location of the opening in the girder. One solid single span girder was tested with the aim of justifying the theoretical calculated amount of steel at each point, so that structure must yield simultaneously. Also, to justify the maximum and averaging envelope procedures. The theoretical study consisted of using a nonlinear plane stress finite element analysis. The material properites of reinforced concrete were represented by fixed crack smeared cracking model in conjunction with steel yielding behaviour etc. The experimental measured behaviour and the behaviour predicted by finite element model showed good agreement and allowed a greater insight into the behaviour of the girders. The test results indicate that the direct design approach is satisfactory in both ultimate strength and serviceability behaviour as given by 0.3mm crack width

Mango Diseases: Impact of Fungicides

Mango, Mangifera indica L., is known to be the king of all fruits due to its delicious taste, marvelous fragrance, and beautiful appearance. However, several infectious diseases caused by many phytopathogens are deteriorating mango quality and quantity. Mango tree and fruit have been affected by about 83 diseases reported worldwide, and in Pakistan, 27 diseases are recognized as more important. Disease control always remains a challenge for the farmers to get optimum production especially due to pesticide resistance. Resistance to fungicide in current days is a major threat to plant disease management. In many cases, plant pathogen resistance could develop naturally; thus, several newly developed chemistries of fungicides remain at high risk. However, research toward an increase of resistance and delay in disease development has been undertaken. Existing fungicide chemistry, sometimes, renamed with new trade name does not satisfy the farmer to apply such fungicides for disease management. However, chemical fungicides are believed to be a significant way to control fungal pathogens or sometimes to inhibit and prevent the development of pathogens. However, due to pathogen resistance development, it is hard to manage plant diseases. Therefore, the impacts of such fungicide management in some important mango diseases are discussed in this chapter

A review on several important aspects of the camels

The present study was conducted to gather the information regarding habitat, population, management, production and economic analysis of the camels worldwide. The main findings of review showed camel population around 25.89 million worldwide in almost 47 countries. Majority of camel herders were reported un-educated. Researchers further indicated that camels generally are reared under sedentary (50%), transhumant (25%), nomadic (15%) and household (10%) management systems. Age of camel famers ranges from 25 to 50 years. The female ratio markedly remains higher than males and young ones because the females are generally used for milk production. However the males are mostly used to carry the luggage, carrying load pulling cart etc. It was also stated by scientists that camels are mostly allowed for open grazing of natural vagetations. Breeding is practiced by natural method and the camel spend 20 to 30 minutes for matting. The female camels reach at the puberty age in 3-5 years, while male at 3.5 to 5.5 years. The duration of estrus cycle in camels vary from 16 to 22 days. Breeding period of camels remain between November and March. The average hair production of camels is 1.63 kg, average daily milk production 6.40 liter. Male have carrying capacity of 553 kg. In conclusion the husbandry practices of camel farming worldwide are based on old traditional methods, however the scientific farming rarely exits. There is no extension services available for the herders to motivate, educate and aware them modern management practices. Market infrastructure, as per study review, is not well established. Mostly the camel herder sale out their animals to middlemen due to long market distances

COLLISION OF DEMOCRATIC COACHING LEADERSHIP STYLE TO IMPROVE TECHNICAL SKILLS OF BADMINTON PLAYERS

This research study was carried out on the game technique of badminton players during the tournament educational organizational structure for developing successful inter-collegiate and inter-department level badminton players of Sukkur region, Sindh. The study was conducted on 200 male players of Badminton. The student-players of 20 affiliated colleges (N=100) and 20 teaching departments (N=100) of Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur participated in the study through a survey questionnaire was applied for the collection of data. The results show that the majority of students were with the higher impact of democratic coaching on technical skills of the badminton players. The frequencies, percentages were differently found with the overall means such as; 2.51, 2.55, 2.41, 2.39 and 2.48, respectively which were significantly different to each other. It is concluded that this information will help the coaches to improve the techniques of badminton players. Therefore, it is suggested that the University or College level inter-collegiate and inter-department badminton tournaments should be arranged and encouraged.  Article visualizations

Government College Librarian’s Use of Social Media for Professional Development in Sindh, Pakistan

This study examined the use of social media in professional development by government college librarians of Sindh. Professional development is an integral part of all professions. Librarians and information professionals are required to have up-to-date information and skills regarding their profession. A Quantitative survey was employed to conduct this study. The target population consisted of government college librarians of Sindh, Pakistan. The survey was administered online. The findings demonstrated that most college librarians are aware of the importance of social media and use social media networks in professional development-related activities. Furthermore, findings identified that YouTube, WhatsApp, and Facebook are the most frequently used social media platforms in professional development. The findings help to design guidelines and provide basic information and communication technology skills training programs for better use of social media and optimum utilization of online professional development opportunities

Appraisal of opportunities and constraints of skin and hides marketing at Shaheed Benazirabad Division in Pakistan

Study was carried out during the year 2017 on the appraisal of opportunities and constraints of skin and hides marketing at Shaheed Benazirabad separation. A total of 150 respondents were interviewed including 50 farmers from each districts namely Naushahro Feroze, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad. The results of the present study showed fly cut followed by disease and parasites (26%, 26% and 24%) as the main production problems. In districts Naushahro Feroze, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad, the major marketing problem was shortage of competitive pricing, poor assessment of transparent quality and lack of access to the market. 39%, 40% and 41% respondents said that government did not provide credit / loan, while, 45%, 47% and 44% of respondents stated that government did not provide transport facilities. 43%, 42% and 41% of respondents reported that government did not provide technical training regarding proper handling and marketing of skin and hides. 33%, 30% and 29% of the respondents stated that government provide slaughter house facility, 41%, 38% and 40% of respondents said that government provide veterinary doctor for checking quality of skin and hides, 35%, 37% and 34% of respondents argued that government provide market price in all three districts. 80%, 84% and 88% of respondents transported hides and skins by means of track. 25%, 50% and 50% of the livestock keepers sell their hides and skins to middlemen. 75%, 80%, 75% of respondents sell hides and skin at lower price when not sold in the market. 90%, 85% and 95% of the respondents used salting method for preservation of hides and skin. 60%, 40% and 60% of the respondents determined absence of flay defects criteria when they purchased hides and skin from middlemen / retailer. 100%, 80% and 100% of the respondents demanded salted skin and hides in the study area. 60%, 40% and 60% respondents believed that variation in market prices from season to season might be due to export price variation, whereas 20%, 40% and 20% argued that factory / tanner price variation / setting and wholesalers price setting was major reason for variation in market prices from season to season. Study concludes that the most prominent constraints faced by respondents are diseases, parasites and fly cuts. The major constrains faced by butcher are administrative problems, poor quality of skin and hides, storage, transportation facility

Chinese Unprecedented Move Towards Its One-Belt –One- Road Initiative (OBOR): Unfolding the Mythic Realities of Chinese Sphere of Legal Influence in the International Legal Order

This article explores that while the ever registered vibrant economic development in China radiates from the legal system, the legal system has not been well cherished and praised. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to unleash and enlighten the sphere of Chinese legal influence to the global legal order by taking OBOR as one particular example. It touches main conceptual frameworks to do with road jurisprudence and steps down to a conclusion by suggesting further deep investigation to be made. Keywords: One –Belt- One- Road Initiative, international legal order, China and Road jurisprudence DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/70-03 Publication date:March 31st 201