Field evaluation of selected formulations of Trichoderma species as seed treatment to control damping-off of cowpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina

The experiment was carried out between 1997 and 1998 at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria to test the efficacy of biological seed treatment of cowpea against Macrophomina phaseolina infection in the field. Trichoderma sp., T. koningii Oudem (IMI 361600) and T. harzianum Rifai (IMI 361601) were selected from soil dilutions and tested in vitro for their antagonistic behaviour against cowpea pathogen M. phaseolina before use in the field. The in vitro tests in dixenic cultures, showed all three Trichoderma species growing fast and stopping the growth of the pathogen by the third day of pairing. Two varieties IT86D-2120, and Ife Brown were tested and two formulations of each Trichoderma species (mycelial suspension and suspension + starch) were also tested. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences between stands from the two trials and varieties. Treatment effect was also significant. The variety IT86D-2120 had significantly better stands in both trials. The highest plant stand of 53.8% at 7 days after planting (DAP), from the first trial, was from IT86D-2120 seeds treated with T. koningii + starch, which decreased to 49.3% by 21 DAP due to post emergence damping off. In the second trial, IT86D-2120 seeds treated in T. harzianum suspension had percentage stand of 55% at 7 DAP, which reduced to 45.8% at 21 DAP.Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii; biological control, field trial, Macrophomina phaseolin

Composition, potential emissions and agricultural value of pig slurry from Spanish commercial farms

[EN] Pig slurry is a valuable fertilizer for crop production but at the same time its management may pose environmental risks. Slurry samples were collected from 77 commercial farms of four animal categories (gestating and lactating sows, nursery piglets and growing pigs) and analyzed for macronutrients, micronutrients, heavy metals and volatile fatty acids. Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and biochemical methane potential (BMP) were quantified. Slurry electrical conductivity, pH, dry matter content and ash content were also determined. Data analysis included an analysis of correlations among variables, the development of predictionmodels for gaseousemissions and the analysis of nutritional content of slurries for crop production. Descriptive information is provided in this work and shows a wide range of variability in all studied variables. Animal category affected some physicochemical parameters, probably as a consequence of different slurry management and use of cleaning water. Slurries from gestating sows and growing pigs tended to be more concentrated in nutrients, whereas the slurry from lactating sows and nursery piglets tended to be more diluted. Relevant relationships were found among slurry characteristics expressed in fresh basis and gas emissions. Predictivemodels using on-farmmeasurable parameterswere obtained forNH3 (R2 = 0.51) andCH4 (R2 = 0.76), which suggests that BMP may be estimated in commercial farms from easily determined slurry characteristics. Finally, slurry nutrient composition was highly variable. Therefore, complete analyses of slurries should be performed for an effective and environmental friendly land application.This project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (AGL2011-30023) and the Valencian Government (ACOMP/2013/118). We thank the BABEL Project, Building Academic Bonds between Europe and Latin America. Erasmus Mundus Programme Action 2 for PhD fellowships. 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