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    Naturalism

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    1. Introduction 2. Naturalism in the First Half of the Century 3. Three Eminent Figures 3.1 Husserl 3.2 Wittgenstein 3.3 Quine 4. The Nature of Naturalism 5. A Classification of Naturalisms 5.1 Metaphysical Naturalism 5.2 Methodological, or Scientific, Naturalism 5.2.1 Naturalism with a Leading Science: Physicalism and Biologism 5.2.2 Naturalism without a Leading Science 5.3. Analytic, or Semantic, Naturalism 6. Three Fields of Naturalisation 6.1 Naturalising Epistemology 6.2 Naturalising Intentionality 6.3 Naturalising Normativity 7. Naturalism and Human Nature 8. Scientific naturalism quo vadis? 8.1 Scientia mensura and the Disunity of the Special Sciences 8.2 The Business of Philosoph

    Temporal regulation of murine cytomegalovirus transcription and mapping of viral RNA synthesized at immediate early times after infection

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    The replication of murine cytomegalovirus strain Smith in murine embryonic fibroblasts was investigated at immediate early, early, and late times after infection. Cloned subgenomic HindIII fragments of murine cytomegalovirus DNA served to define the regions of transcription. At immediate early times viral RNA classes ranging in size from 5.1 to 1.05 kilobases (kb) were transcribed mainly from the fragments HindIII-K and -L, whereas low levels of transcription were detected from the two termini HindIII-E and HindIII-N. A characteristic pattern of proteins could be translated from immediate early RNA in vitro. At early and late times after infection transcription from all HindIII fragments occurred, but different patterns of transcripts and proteins could be identified. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis induced differences in the late transcription pattern, located in the HindIII-F fragment. The coding region for abundant immediate early transcription could be located at between 0.769 and 0.817 map units. A plasmic clone containing the main part (0.769 to 0.815 map units) of this region was constructed. This region coded for six polyadenylated immediate early RNA species of 5.1, 2.75, 2.0, 1.75, 1.65, and 1.05 kb in size. Only the 1.75-kb RNA originated entirely from the HindIII-L fragment. The 5.1- and 2.75-kb RNA species were encoded by both the HindIII-L and HindIII-K fragments, and the 2.0-, 1.65-, and 1.05-kb RNA species were entirely transcribed within HindIII-K

    Location, transcripts, and translation products

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    Cloned genomic fragments from the region (0.769 to 0.818 map units) coding for immediate-early (IE) transcripts of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) were used to analyze the physical organization of this region, the direction of transcription, and the proteins synthesized in vitro. Three IE transcription units could be identified. From IE coding region 1 (ie1; 0.781 to 0.796 map units) a dominant 2.75-kilobase (kb) RNA was transcribed from right to left on the prototype arrangement of the MCMV genome which directed the synthesis of an 89,000-molecular-weight polypeptide (89K polypeptide), the major IE protein. This phosphoprotein (pp89) has been shown to be active in the regulation of transcription. Upstream of ie1 and separated by the MCMV enhancer sequence was a second IE coding region, ie2, which was mapped at 0.803 to 0.817 map units. From ie2 a 1.75-kb RNA of moderate abundance was transcribed in the direction opposite to that of the ie1 RNA. After hybrid selection of the ie2 transcript, a 43,000-molecular-weight translation product was detected. A third coding region, ie3, was located directly downstream of ie1 (0.773 to 0.781 map units). The series of RNAs with low abundance, terminating in ie3, probably used the ie1 transcription start site and ranged from 1.0 to 5.1 kb in size. The 5.1-kb RNA apparently represents the nonspliced transcript from both coding regions ie1 and ie3. A 15K polypeptide was translated in vitro from RNA that was hybrid selected by ie3 sequences. Immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibody revealed that 31K to 67K polypeptides were related to pp89. Some of these proteins were translated from RNAs that were smaller than 2.75 kb. Polypeptides related to pp89 were also synthesized in vivo. Because polypeptides unrelated to pp89 that were translated from RNA that was selected by ie2 and ie3 sequences were not immunoprecipitated by murine antisera, we assumed that the amount of these proteins synthesized in vivo during infection was probably very lo

    Leibovitz\u27s God in the MachineL Video Games as Spiritual Pursuit (Book Review)

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