EVALUATION OF ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY OF A STANDARDIZED POLYHERBAL FORMULATION (HC9): AN IN VIVO STUDY

Objective: In the present study, we have performed the acute and sub-acute toxicity of a standardized polyherbal formulation (HC9) in Swiss albino mice. Methods: In acute toxicity study, the mice were orally administered with different doses (1750 and 2000 mg/kg) of HC9 and monitored for 14 d. In the sub-acute toxicity study, animals received HC9 extract by oral gavage at the doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day (????=5/group/sex) for 28 d. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and evaluated for effect of HC9 on biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters. Results: HC9 did not produce any adverse effects in biochemical, hematological, urine and histopathological parameters in mice. HC9 did not induce any adverse effects in terms of mortality and clinical signs in the acute toxicity study. It was well-tolerated by mice up to 2000 mg/kg/body weight. In sub-acute toxicity study, no treatment-related adverse effects were found in the mice upto 1000 mg/kg/day dose. No significant changes were observed in biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathology of tissues (liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, thymus, adrenal gland, epididymis and testis/ovary) among mice of either sex. Conclusion: Our results showed that HC9 did not induce any acute and sub-acute toxicity in male and female mice, thereby, suggesting its safety for future clinical application

Organic Semiconductor for Hydrogen Production

The quest of conquering balanced environment for the ultimate search of “Who am I” furnished to pollution and energy crises. As the viable world development is dependent on effective utilization of available renewable energy resources. Hydrogen fuel as an energy source is the future for many upcoming generations as it never produces pollutants. 6, 13 Pentacenequinone (PENQ) is recently developed and reported organic photocatalyst for the generation of hydrogen from water as well as hydrogen sulfide. PENQ can be synthesized and characterized using different methods and techniques/approaches that are listed in this chapter. Green Solid state synthesis method of PENQ is the most promising one as it gives high yield at room temperature and without solvents. Structural characterization of this novel organic catalyst were done using powdered XRD. Cyclic voltammetry is used for the calculating the difference between valance and conduction band levels in the organic PENQ catalyst. After complete structural and morphological characterization, organic PENQ was explored for the hydrogen production from hydrogen sulfide. This photocatalytic nature was also being confirmed using its composites/ coupled systems (PENQ: TiO2 and PENQ: MoS2) using hydrogen sulfide and water

Cohort and period effects in U.S. migration: How demographic and economic cycles influence the migration schedule

This paper examines the influence of demographic and economic cycles on the migration propensities given in the migration age schedule. It is well known that while the shape or profile of the migration-age relationship has enduring regularity over time and space, its level (or intensity) shows considerable volatility. Recent studies suggest that variations in generation size and economic conditions may systematically influence the levels of the migration schedule. These studies show that large cohorts have notably lower migration rates than small cohorts, mainly because they face more competitive labor markets upon entry into young adulthood. Similarly, migration rates, especially of young adults, have been found to decline during recessionary periods and increase during economic booms. Building on these studies, I examine the influence of generation size on the migration intensities seen in a cohort (longitudinal) migration schedule and that of economic conditions on the intensities of a period (cross-sectional) migration schedule. I further specify a model that incorporates both cohort and period effects in order to understand their relative importance in shaping the migration schedule. Empirical analyses based on Current Population Survey data for the 1949-1993 period reveal that the level of the migration schedule is sensitive to demographic and economic cycles, with the effect of generation size being relatively more influential. The findings call for a more explicit incorporation of cohort and period effects in analyses of migration patterns. Key Words: migration, baby boom, economic cycle, United States. O ne of the most prominent regularities noted in migration studies is the distinctive age pattern of migration The markedly high migration propensities of twenty-year-olds has been attributed to the interaction of two effects: the demands generated by the stage of the young adult's life cycle and the positive relationship between age and community attachmen

Expanding the “Region” in Regional Science: How Third World Experience Can Enrich our Research

This paper discusses how regional science needs to focus on and consider issues in the Third World.</jats:p