DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF GEMCITABINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop and validate a novel, specific, precise and reliable method for estimation of gemcitabine hydrochloride in bulk and polymeric nanoparticles using UV-visible spectroscopy method.Methods: The UV-Visible spectrophotometric determination was performed with double beam Systronics UV-visible spectrophotometer; model UV-2201 (India). The proposed methods were validated for various parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, detection, quantification limits, and formulation analysis as per international conference on harmonization (ICH) guidelines.Results: The method was based on measurement of absorbance at wavelength maxima i.e. 267.2 nm, λmax of the drug in distilled water, phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and 7.4. The method obeyed Beer Lambert's law in the concentration range of 5-30 µg/ml andR2-value was found to be 0.999. Moreover, the % drug recovered from polymeric nanoparticles was found to be 97.97%.Conclusion: According to results, the currently developed method shows compliance with acceptance criteria with Q2 (R1) and international conference on harmonization (2005) guidelines, because the % RSD was found to be less than 2%. The developed method was simple, accurate and précised

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF HYDROQUINONE IN BULK, MARKETED CREAM AND PREAPARED NLC FORMULATION

Objective: The aim of the present work was to develop a simple, rapid, accurate and economical UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the determination of hydroquinone (HQ) in its pure form, marketed formulation as well as in the prepared nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) systems and to validate the developed method. Methods: HQ was estimated at UV maxima of 289.6 nm in pH 5.5 phosphate buffer using UV-Visible double beam spectrophotometer. Following the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), the method was validated for various analytical parameters like linearity, precision, and accuracy robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection, quantification limit, and formulation analysis. Results: The obtained results of the analysis were validated statistically. Recovery studies were performed to confirm the accuracy of the proposed method. In the developed method, linearity over the concentration range of 5-40 μg/ml of HQ was observed with the correlation coefficient of 0.998 and found in good agreement with Beer Lambert's law. The precision (intra-day and inter-day) of the method was found within official RCD limits (RSD<2%). Conclusion: The sensitivity of the method was assessed by determining the limit of detection and limit of quantification. It could be concluded from the results obtained that the purposed method for estimation of HQ in pure form, in the marketed ointment and in the prepared NLC-formulation was simple, rapid, accurate, precise and economical. It can be used successfully in the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and for the routine laboratory analysis

“FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF ROSUVASTATIN CALCIUM BY USING HYDROPHILIC POLYMERS AND SOLID DISPERSION METHOD”

Objective: Preparation of Rosuvastatin Calcium by Using Hydrophilic Polymers and Solid Dispersion Method, Rosuvastatin calcium is a Dyslipidaemic agent, which act as a selective competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA educates enzyme and is used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Methods: In the present work, Solid Dispersion was prepared by kneading method to increase the solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium. Results: Solid dispersions were evaluated by determining percentage yield, drug content, solubility, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), DSC and in vitro dissolution profile. The prepared solid dispersion are formulated into capsule dosage form and characterized by various parameters i.e. weight variation, content uniformity, disintegration and dissolution. The evaluated parameters of capsule dosage form increase in solubility and dissolution rate of the pure drug. Conclusion: These are various techniques to enhance the solubility of the drug, such as particle size reduction, use of surfactants, solid dispersion etc. Carriers are the major players in these formulations, e. g. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, Carbopol, Acacia Gum etc. Carbopol and Acacia Gum is one of the most efficient polymers work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility

IMPROVED DISSOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUG BY NOVEL METHOD USING NATURAL GUM AND WATER SOLUBLE POLYMER

The main objective of the present study is too prepared, characterized and evaluate and surfactant used as a carrier in solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution rate of simvastatin. The feasibility of formulating solid dispersions of pure drug with gum and surfactant combination that enhanced dissolution rate was also investigated. Solid dispersions of simvastatin in gum: surfactant different polymer ratios were prepared by kneading method and evaluated for dissolution rate and efficiency. All the solid dispersions prepared gave rapid and higher dissolution of simvastatin when compared with pure drug. The DE60 was also increased from many folds in the case of pure drug and solid dispersions. Experimental design was applied systematically and determine the influence of the individual and combined effect on independent variables (X1) ratio and (X2) concentration of surfactants on the dependent variables percent dissolution efficiency at 60 min (%DE 60) and yield percent and optimized formulation selected and characterised by its UV, Differential scanning caloriemetery, Scanning electron microscopy and X- Diffraction studies and formulated into capsule dosage form. In conclusion, the result of this work to suggest that solid dispersion is a useful technique for enhancing the solubility and dissolution study of water insoluble drug. Keywords: Solubility enhancement, Poorly water soluble drug, Simvastatin, Solid dispersion

"FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MORONIC ACID LOADED TRANSDERMAL PATCHES"

Objective: To prepare Transdermal patches of Moronic acid along with various polymers for controlled release action. Methods: Suitable method such as Solvent Casting Technique of Film Casting Technique are used for the preparation of Transdermal patch. Results: The prepared Transdermal patches were transparent, smooth, uniform and flexible. The method adopted for the preparation of the system was found satisfactory. Conclusion: Various formulations were developed by using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers like HPMC E5 and EC respectively in single and combinations by solvent evaporation technique with the incorporation of penetration enhancer such as dimethylsulfoxide and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer. Formulation F7 containing an equal ratio of HPMC E5: EC (5:5) showed maximum and sustained release of 86.814±0.262 within 24 h. Kinetic models were used to confirm the release mechanism of the formulations. Moronic acid release from the patches F1 to F7 followed non Fickian diffusion rate controlled mechanism

Online Poker and Rummy -- Games of Skill or Chance?

The paper aims to investigate the degree of cognitive skills required for success in online versions of the popular card game rummy and poker. The study focuses on analyzing the impact of experience and learnable skills on success in the online card game. We also propose a framework to analyze online games to conclude on whether they are games of learnable skill or are they games of chance. The hypotheses proposed aim to test whether online and offline card games are comparable in terms of cognitive engagement and skill requirements. To assess these hypotheses, key elements of gameplay such as shuffling of cards, card deck randomness, and seating of players are analyzed. We also adopted statistical approaches to understand the characteristics of card games in terms of random chance or skill. From the analysis, we could see that the normality of the derived variables deviates significantly from the normal distribution showing a non-linear trend. It signifies that the mean of the involved skill variables is not zero as the user plays a greater number of games, thereby strengthening the assumption that the long-term success in online card games is attributed to skill and not chance. There is no difference in online and offline versions of card games (rummy and poker) from the perspective of requirement of skills. Moreover, our finding suggests that there is a preponderance of skills to succeed in online card gaming. Overall, the findings of this research contribute to a better understanding of cognitive skills in online gaming environments

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MASLINIC ACID LOADED TRANSDERMAL PATCHES

Objective: To develop and evaluate Transdermal patch of Maslinic acid for Transdermal drug delivery. The current study is to develop Transdermal drug delivery system. Methods: Suitable method such as Solvent Casting Technique of Film Casting Technique are used for preparation of Transdermal patch. Results: The prepared Transdermal patches were transparent, smooth, uniform and flexible. The method adopted for the preparation of the system was found satisfactory. Conclusion: Various formulations were developed by using hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers like HPMC E5 and EC respectively in single and combinations by solvent evaporation technique with the incorporation of penetration enhancer such as dimethylsulfoxide and dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer In vitro studies concluded that HPMC E5 patches has better release than that of EC patches, which may be attributed to high water vapour permeability of HPMC patches and hydrophobic nature of EC. An attempt was made to incorporate HPMC E5 and EC to the monolithic system for better release and prolong the duration of release. Formulation F7 containing an equal ratio of HPMC E5: EC (5:5) showed maximum and sustained release of 86.816±0.264 within 24 h. Kinetic models were used to confirm the release mechanism of the formulations. Maslinic acid release from the patches F1 to F7 followed non Fickian diffusion rate controlled mechanism

SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGY: AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH USED TO ENHANCE SOLUBILITY OF WATER INSOLUBLE DRUGS

Certain techniques are used for the preparation of solid dispersions and used to enhance the solubility of water insoluble drugs. One of its techniques is supercritical fluid technology that is used for the preparation of solid dispersions. The present aim of this technique is to provide the recent advances in the use of supercritical fluids for the preparation of solid dispersion and for pharmaceutical substances with particular attention to drug delivery systems. Basically, a “supercritical fluid†can be defined as it enters in the pure substance when both temp. & pressure above its critical P&T. In the SCF techniques, there are certain solvents like CO2, N2O used as the supercritical fluid. This innovative technique is highly promising and approachable for the future applications in pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Supercritical fluids, solubility, solid dispersion, drug delivery, and Applications

Oral Manifestations of HIV-AIDS: A Diagnostic and Management Dilemma

Oral disease is frequently associated with HIV. While nearly all oral disorders associated with HIV infection also occur in other conditions characterized by immune-suppression, no other condition is associated with as wide and significant a spectrum of oral disease as is HIV infection. Many HIV-associated oral disorders occur early in HIV infection, not infrequently as the presenting sign or symptom. Thus, early detection of associated oral disease should, in many cases, result in earlier diagnosis of HIV infection. Likewise, awareness of the variety of oral disorders which can develop throughout the course of HIV infection, and coordination of health care services between physician and dentist, should improve overall health and comfort of the patient. This paper reviews the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of HIV-associated oral disorders

SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF WATER INSOLUBLE DRUG BY USING DIFFERENT HYDROPHILLIC CARRIERS AND FORMULATED INTO TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Rosuvastatin calcium is a BCS class II drug (low solubility and high permeability), used as a lipid lowering agent by acting as HMG CoA reductase inhibitor and it is used for the management of hyperlipidemia. Increase in the solubility of the poorly water soluble drug is the most challenging aspect for various new chemical entities which leads to the unsatisfactory dissolution profile, consequently, the bioavailability. There are various techniques to enhance the solubility of the drug, such as particle size reduction, nanosuspension, use of surfactants, salt formation, pH modifier, solid dispersion etc. Solid dispersions in water-soluble carriers have attracted considerable interest as a means of improving the dissolution rate and hence possibly bioavailability, of a range of hydrophobic drugs. Carriers are the major players in these formulations, e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol etc. HPMC and EC is one of the most efficient polymers among all of these to work as a carrier for these drugs to enhance solubility. Four ratios of drug: carrier were prepared (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7) and 1:7 was the optimized ratio which shows a maximum release of the drug via dissolution profile. In the present work, Solid Dispersions were prepared by Kneading technique to enhance the solubility of Rosuvastatin Calcium. Solid dispersions were evaluated for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis, dissolution studies, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and stability studies to confirm enhancement in solubility. The prepared solid dispersions are formulated into tablet dosage form and characterized by various parameters i.e. weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution rate. The evaluated parameters of tablet dosage form show increase in solubility and dissolution rate of the pure drug. Keywords: Rosuvastatin Calcium, Carriers, HPMC, EC, Solid Dispersion TabletÂ