口腔粘膜上皮細胞の核酸認識と抗菌ペプチドの炎症応答活性化機構

広島大学(Hiroshima University)博士(歯学)Doctor of Philosophy in Dental Sciencedoctora

Overview of the charging situation for digital contents in Japan: From the viewpoint of compensation for private sound and visual recording

Japanese copyright law consists of two parts. One has to do with the rights of the content holder. The other is concerned with limitations to the rights of the content holder, such as compensation for private sound and visual recording; that is, charges for copying media where it is difficult to charge individually, as is the case with Digital Rights Management (DRM ). Such compensation permits the holders of the content to collect royalties through a special compensation arrangement. That is, the designated management associations impose the obligation for compensation on the manufacturers of recording devices. Despite the spread of such compensation arrangements, new challenges continue to arise, such the case of SARVH, the designated management association, brought against Toshiba, a manufacturer of DVD recorders. The Tokyo District Court ruled, 'Compensation is not required under copyright law, but just that all possible efforts be made.' It remains unclear whether holders of content can receive sufficient royalties or not. An analysis of the latest decision regarding digital content, from the point of copyright law, clarifies the relationship between DRM and compensation for private sound and visual recording. To accommodate stakeholders' requirements, a new regulation or structure for payment of royalties is proposed. --copyright law,DRM (Digital Rights Manegement),compensation,levy

Effects of energy-dependent scatterings on fast neutrino flavor conversions

Neutrino self-interactions in a dense neutrino gas can induce collective neutrino flavor conversions. Fast neutrino flavor conversions (FFCs), one of the collective neutrino conversion modes, potentially change the dynamics and observables in core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers. In cases without neutrino-matter interactions (or collisions), FFCs are essentially energy-independent, and therefore the single energy treatment has been used in previous studies. However, neutrino-matter collisions in general depend on neutrino energy, suggesting that energy-dependent features may emerge in FFCs with collisions. In this paper, we perform dynamical simulations of FFCs with iso-energetic scatterings (emulating nucleon scatterings) under multi-energy treatment. We find that cancellation between in- and out-scatterings happens in high energy region, which effectively reduces the number of collisions and then affects the FFC dynamics. In fact, the lifetime of FFCs is extended compared to the single-energy case, leading to large flavor conversions. Our result suggests that the multi-energy treatment is mandatory to gauge the sensitivity of FFCs to collisions. We also provide a useful quantity to measure the importance of multi-energy effects of collisions on FFCs.Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures, accepted to PR

Family Members' Experience of Discussions on End-of-Life Care in Nursing Homes in Japan: A Qualitative Descriptive Study of Family Members' Narratives.

In nursing homes, discussions between family members and staff regarding the end of life for residents with cognitive impairment are crucial to the choice of treatment and care consistent with residents' wishes. However, family members experience burden in such discussions, and communication with staff remains inadequate. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to elucidate the meaning of continuous end-of-life discussion for family members. Data were collected using semistructured individual interviews. Thirteen family members of residents from 3 nursing homes in Kyoto, Japan, participated in the study. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which focused on both explicit and implicit meanings. Four themes emerged regarding the experience of end-of-life discussion: "the end of life soaking in, " "hardship of making the decision to end my family member's life, " "wavering thoughts about decisions made and actions taken, " and "feeling a sense of participation about the care." Family members had come to accept the deaths of residents through continuous discussion and experienced strong conflict in facing the death of their family members. Moreover, staff members should understand family members' beliefs and the burden they experience in facing residents' death