In Vivo antimicrobial activities of Allium cepa on cultured adult Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The design of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Allium cepa in cultured Clarias gariepinus. The proximate compositions and Mineral assay of whole A. cepa bulb and experimental diets were determined using standard methods. Microbial susceptibility assay was carried out in vitro on Staphloccocus aureus and Escherichia coli using Agar well diffusion. Bacterial isolation and identification from the different treatments and control was carried out according to standard methods. High moisture content (89.25 %) was recorded followed by carbohydrate (9.45%) and crude protein (7.21%). Experimental and control diets revealed 50 % and above crude protein content. In vitro susceptibility test of the various onion extracts and antibiotic shows susceptibility of the reference strains to the onion extracts. Bacterial isolation and identification showed the presence of pathogenic gram positive and negative coli and bacilli respectively. Results obtained for total fungi counts show the presence of both systemic and superficial fungi. Lower bacteria and fungi counts were observed 14 days after the withdrawal of experimental diets. Conclusively, onion can be used as antimicrobial agent in the culture of Clarias gariepinus

Stock density and fruit yield of African walnut, Plukenetia conophora Mull-Arg (Syn. Tetracarpidium conophorum) in tropical lowland rainforests of southwest Nigeria

Despite the huge socio-economic potentials of the African walnut, Plukenetia conophora Mull-Arg, there is a dearth of information on stock density and yield studies under different site conditions. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the stock density and fruit yields of P. conophora in three different habitats (i.e. less disturbed natural forest, recently disturbed natural forest and plantation forest) within Omo Forest Reserve (OFR) and Shasha Forest Reserve (SFR) of Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was used to carry out inventory survey. Fruit yields were determined by collecting fruit falls through double sampling approach. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing the data at P = 0.05. Stock densities of P. conophora were 5.33+1.7stands/ha, 14.67+2.05stands/ha and 16.00+2.94stands/ha in OFR, while they were 7.33+0.47stands/ha, 14.67+1.25stands/ha and 10.67+04.7stands/ha in SFR for recently disturbed forest, less disturbed forest and plantation forest respectively. There were significant differences in number and distribution of species by forest types, but not between forest reserves. The mean yield of P. conophora/ha/yr was estimated at 7,800.00kg for OFR and 6,534.00kg for SFR. Yields from plantation area contributed more in OFR, while yields from less disturbed natural forest area were higher in SFR. Yields from recently disturbed natural forest were consistently lower in the two reserves. These results show that P. conophora thrives better in plantation and old re-growth forests. This information is pertinent towards improving the management of the species, increase its productivity and enhance benefits in a more sustainable manner to the rural populace