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    Π—Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π³ΡŠΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Trichoderma ΠΈ Gliocladium Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΈ краставици

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    The analysis was conducted on the general biogenicity and phylogenetic structure of fungi in the soil microbiome of greenhouse cucumbers grown as a monoculture and after the precursors of pepper and lettuce. The relationship between the following indicators has been proved: the total biological activity of the soil, the species composition of micromycetes, the development of Fusarium root rot, and yield. The effect of biological preparations based on strains of Trichoderma viride and Gliocladium virens antagonistic fungi on the development of Fusarium root rot, nematodes and yield of cucumbers was studied. The results of the experiment show that when cucumbers are grown after the precursor pepper and lettuce, the development of Fusarium root rot and nematodes does not exceed critical values. The introduction of Trichoderma and Gliocladium fungi into the soil in the form of a dry preparation with a titre 2.0 x 1010 conidia/g when transplanting plants to a permanent place at a consumption rate of 40 kg/ha increases the yield of greenhouse cucumbers by 20-23%. The experiment is part of the study of the "soil exhaustion" syndrome and the possibilities of overcoming it. The obtained results will serve as bioindicators that can be used for preliminary diagnostics of the sanitary condition of degraded soils, selection of agrotechnical, breeding and protective measures of plants.Π˜Π·Π²ΡŠΡ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π°Ρ‚Π° биогСнност ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° структура Π½Π° Π³ΡŠΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π² почвСния ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΎΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΈ краставици, ΠΎΡ‚Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΡƒΠ»Ρ‚ΡƒΡ€Π° ΠΈ слСд ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ маруля. Π”ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π΅ Π²Ρ€ΡŠΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ слСднитС ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ: ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° активност Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΡŠΡΡ‚Π°Π² Π½Π° ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ€ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ†Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ². ИзслСдвано Π΅ влияниСто Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ‰Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π΅ антагонистични гъби Trichoderma viride ΠΈ Gliocladium virens Π²ΡŠΡ€Ρ…Ρƒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π΅, Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ краставици. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚, Ρ‡Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° краставици слСд ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡˆΠ΅ΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ ΠΈ маруля Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ„ΡƒΠ·Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ Π³Π½ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π΅ надвишава ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ стойности. ВнасянСто Π½Π° Π³ΡŠΠ±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Trichoderma ΠΈ Gliocladium Π² ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° сух ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ с Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŠΡ€ 2.0 x 1010 c/g ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ разсаТданС Π½Π° растСнията Π½Π° постоянно място ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ° 40 kg/ha повишава Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ€Π°Π½ΠΆΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΈ краставици с 20-23%. Π•ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΡŠΡ‚ Π΅ част ΠΎΡ‚ изслСдванСто Π½Π° синдрома Π½Π° "ΡƒΠΌΠΎΡ€Π΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²Π°" ΠΈ Π²ΡŠΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ прСодоляванС. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Ρ‰Π΅ послуТат ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ‚ Π·Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° диагностика Π½Π° санитарното ΡΡŠΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π³Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ€Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ€ Π½Π° агротСхничСски, сСлСкционни ΠΈ раститСлно-Π·Π°Ρ‰ΠΈΡ‚Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π³Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° растСния

    Organic Production of Snap Bean in Bulgaria: Pests and Diseases Incidence and Control, Soil Fertility and Yield

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    Among factors affecting snap bean production in organic growing systems, pests and diseases are of paramount importance. The current study was aimed to determine the impact of organic production practices on snap bean pests and diseases infestation, soil fertility and yield. Five treatments of plants during the whole growing season with a Bordeaux mixture at a dose of 3000 g/ha, provided more than 50 percent protective effect against the development of the bacterial blight Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. phaseoli and anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. In organic fields, commercial bioproducts containing pyrethrins or entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana can be successfully applied to control the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.). To limit the attack of bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say), phytopesticide containing pyrethrins can also be used. Against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.), products containing the active ingredient azadirachtin were seen to be effective five days after treatment. Soil amendment with vermicompost at a dose of 2850 L/ha slightly increased the amounts of water-soluble nutrients; however, soil remained nutrient deficient across the growing season. Among the tested Bulgarian varieties, Evros possessed higher yield, and appear to be suitable for organic system than the Tangra variety
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