Effects of natural disasters on children and adolescents

Doğal afetler öngörülemeyen, etkileyeceği alan ve etki düzeyi tahmin edilemeyen, çok fazla sayıda can ve mal kayıpları ile sonuçlanabilen doğa olaylarıdır. Dünya genelinde ve ülkemizde her yıl birbirinden farklı doğal afetlerin yaşandığına ve bu afetlerin sonuçlarının toplumlar üzerindeki etkilerine şahit oluyoruz. Çocuklar ve ergenler afetlere maruz kalan ve afetlerden etkilenen grupların en hassas ve savunmasız bireyleridir. Her yıl dünya üzerinde milyonlarca çocuk ve genç doğal ve insan kaynaklı afetlere maruz kalmakta ve bu afetlerden farklı şekillerde etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışma, doğal afetlerin çocuklar ve gençler üzerindeki etkilerine yönelik farkındalık oluşturmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Başta Yöktez, Google Scholar, Dergi Park, EM-DAT, Science Direct, PubMed, Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, Uluslararası Aile Çocuk ve Eğitim Dergisi olmak üzere konu ile ilgili bilgi erişimini sağlayan veri tabanları kullanılarak, afet, doğal afet, afet etkileri, afetler ve çocuklar, afetler ve gençler, çocuk gelişimi araştırmamıza temel teşkil eden gruplar kullanılarak elde edilen tezler ve makaleler irdelenmiştir. Konu ile ilgili çalışmalar; ilerde yapılacak yeni araştırmalara veri tabanı olabilecek şekilde genel olarak değerlendirilerek ve yorumlanarak bir araya getirilmiştir.Natural disasters are unpredictable natural phenomena that can result in a large number of life and property losses, with an unknown level of impact. We are witnessing different natural disasters every year in the world and in our country, and the effects of these disasters on communities. Children and adolescent people are the most sensitive and vulnerable individuals when exposed to disasters. Every year, millions of children and young people around the world are exposed and affected by various natural and man-made disasters. This study was conducted to raise awareness of the effects of natural disasters on children and adolescents. Theses and articles obtained by using search words and phrases such as disaster, natural disasters, disaster effects, disasters and children, disasters and young people, child development from different databases such as Yöktez, Google Scholar, Dergi Park, EM-DAT, Science Direct, PubMed, International Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology Studies, International Journal of Family Child and Education, have been reviewed and interpolated as to form a data base for further studies

The effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on ghrelin expression in rat testis: biochemical and immunohistochemical study

Introduction. Ghrelin is a hormone which has effects on the secretion of growth hormone, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, cell proliferation and reproductive system. The present study we focused on the relation between ghrelin and GHS-R1a gene expression and the regulation of their expression in the testes of diabetic rats. Material and methods. 40 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, and sampled 4, 8 and 12 weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneal injection (40 mg/kg). The rats were decapitated under ketamine anesthesia and their testes were removed. Blood was obtained from heart and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels were measured by ELISA. Tissue ghrelin and GHS-R mRNA levels were determined by qRT-PCR, while ghrelin protein expression was studied by immunohistochemistry. Histopathological damage scores were also assessed. Results. Eight weeks after diabetes induction serum FSH level was increased, whereas LH and testosterone concentrations decreased. The ghrelin and GHS-R1a gene expression and ghrelin immunohistochemistry score first tended to increase after first four weeks of diabetes, and then tended to decrease. Ghrelin-immunopositive cells were detected in Leydig cells in all groups of rats, however, not in the germinal epithelium. Congestion of vessels and hemorrhage, formation of the vacuoles in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, desquamation of spermatids in the lumen and disorganization of seminiferous tubule germinal epithelium were observed in testis of all the diabetic rats. In addition, mean testicular biopsy score and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were getting lower in diabetic animals. Conclusion. Our results suggest that diabetes affects ghrelin expression in rat testis.

Evaluation of the Compatibility of Atrium and Ventricular Measurements in Thoracic Computerized Tomography and Coronary Computerized Tomography Angiography

Aim: We aimed to evaluate the consistency of the measurements of diameter and area of cardiac chambers in coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast-enhanced thoracic computed tomography (CT) images.Materials and Methods: 30 patients who underwent thoracic CT and coronary CTA over a 6-month period between August 2016 and August 2019 were included in the study. Maximum left atrium area, anteroposterior and transverse left atrium diameter, right atrium transverse diameter, right and left ventricular transverse diameters were measured by two observers. Inter-observer and intra-observer Contrast-enhanced thoracic CT and coronary CTA measurements of the cardiac chambers were found to be perfectly compatible. Both left atrial axial area and AP diameter were evaluated on coronary CTA images and contrast-enhanced thoracic CT with excellent reproducibility.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study that shows the measurement of diameter and area of the cardiac chambers in thoracic CT and coronary CTA and comparing them with each other. Thoracic CT, with its high reproducibility, could be a useful tool in evaluation of cardiac chambers

Effect of thymoquinone on NRF2/NF-kB/MAPK pathway in methotrexate-induced rat testis injury

Objective(s): In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of Thymoquinone (THQ) against testicular damage caused by Methotrexate (MTX). Materials and Methods: This study consists of 5 groups: Control, Olive oil, THQ, MTX, and MTX+THQ. At the end of the experiment, spermiogram analysis was performed on the rats. In addition, testicular tissues were taken and histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemistry analysis were performed. Biochemical analyses were performed on the serums. Results: According to the results obtained, spermiogram values, Johnson’s testicular biopsy score, SOD, CAT, GPx, FSH, LH, and testosterone values were statistically significantly decreased in the MTX group compared to the control group. In the MTX+THQ group, spermiogram values, Johnson’s testicular biopsy score, SOD, CAT, GPx, FSH, LH, and testosterone values increased statistically significantly compared to the MTX group. NRF2 and HO-1 immunoreactivity were statistically significantly decreased in the MTX group compared to the control group. In the MTX+THQ group, NRF2 and HO-1 immunoreactivity were statistically significantly increased compared to the MTX group. The level of MDA, which is important in lipid damage, and the level of biochemistry results of TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6, which are important markers, and the results of p-NF-kB and P38 immunoreactivity were statistically significantly increased in the MTX group compared to the control group. In the MTX+THQ group, these parameters showed a significant decrease compared to the MTX group. Conclusion: According to these results, it is thought that THQ will play a protective role against infertility caused by chemotherapy-induced testicular damage

Investigation of the effect of thymoquinone on kidney damage in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats and cardiorenal interactions

This study aimed to determine whether thymoquinone has any protective effects on renal tissue after an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI). Experimental groups were formed as 4 groups (n=8). Control group (C). Thymoquinone group (THQ), 20 mg/kg single dose intragastric (i.g.) daily for seven days. Isoproterenol group (ISO) was administered 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally in two doses on days 7 and 8 of the experiment. Thymoquinone+Isoproterenol group (THQ+ISO), THQ 20 mg/kg i.g. was administered once a day for seven days. In addition, two doses of ISO 100 mg/kg i.p. were administered on the seventh and eighth days. Kidney tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Kidney tissues were evaluated histopathologically. Tumour necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) and alpha Smooth Muscle Actin(α-SMA) immunoreactivity density changes were determined by immunohistochemistry. Glutathione(GST), Glutathione S-transferases(GSTs) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels were evaluated by ELISA method. Isoproterenol injection caused severe histopathological changes on kidney tissue. Also TNF-α and α-SMA levels were found to be higher in groups where ISO was administered. THQ could be effective on kidney tissue to partially correct these histopathological damages, by decreasing fibrosis and inflammation. This study shows that treatment with THQ is effective in preventing kidney damage caused by ISO-induced MI. We think that THQ as a supplementary food will be effective to prevent kidney damage

Timokinon metotreksatın neden olduğu kalp hasarını azaltır: sıçanlarda histopatolojik bir çalışma

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of thymoquinone on cardiac tissue in MTX-induced cardiac toxicity in rats with various parameters. Materials and Methods: Group I (n=8) was administered intraperitoneal saline for 10 days. Intraperitoneal olive oil was applied to Group II (n=8) for 10 days. Group III (n=8) received 10 mg/kg Thymoquinone (THQ) intraperitoneally for 10 days. Group IV (n=8) was administered a single dose of 20 mg/kg Methotrexate (MTX), 500 mg/20 ml, intraperitoneally on the 1st day of the experiment. Group V (n=8) MTX: 20 mg/kg single dose intraperitoneally on the 1st day; THQ: 10mg/kg i.p. administered for 10 days. Since Methotrexate was in liquid form, no solvent was used. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed for analysis of heart tissue. The structure of heart tissue was evaluated by hematoxylin eosin staining. Immunohistochemically, Connexin-43, HSP90, and HIF 1α antibodies were stained. Results: Group IV was found to have histopathological deterioration, which was ameliorated by THQ. In addition to this; Connexin-43 immunoreactivity was the lowest in Group IV compared to other groups: 108.5±7.4. Compared to other groups, HSP90 immunoreactivity was highest in Group IV: 103.6±10.4. Compared to other groups, HIF-1α immunoreactivity was highest in Group IV: 95.2 ±9.1. Conclusion: Thymoquinone has a positive effect on Connexin-43, one of the proteins providing conduction in intercalary discs, HSP90, one of the chaperones in the cell and HIF-1α expression against MTX toxicity. At the same time, THQ provides a significant improvement in cardiac tissue histopathologically by showing a cardioprotective effect

Diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging on axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients

PURPOSEThis article will examine the usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) on the assessment of axillary lymph nodes (ALN) of breast cancer patients.METHODSAxillary lymph nodes in 66 breast cancer patients were examined by DTI and DWI, and the largest lymph node with increased cortical thickness in axilla was selected. Morphological features, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), volume anisotropy, and fractional anisotropy values were measured by using a special software. Imaging findings and histopathological results were recorded.RESULTSMetastatic ALN were detected in 43 (65.1%) patients. Cortical thickness of the metastatic ALN was significantly higher than the non-metastatic ALNs (P < .001), and the long-axis-to-shortaxis ratio was significantly lower in metastatic ALNs (P < .001). There was a statistically significant difference between the ALN status and fatty hilum presence (P < .001). Apparent diffusion coefficient values of metastatic ALNs were statistically lower than those of non-metastatic ALNs (P < .001) using a cutoff value of 1.26 × 10−3 mm2 /s for b=500 ADC and 1.21 × 10−3 mm2 /s for b=800 ADC which had 97.7% sensitivity and 91.3% specificity. Fractional anisotropy and volume anisotropy values were significantly different between both groups. A cutoff value of 0.47 for b-500 fractional anisotropy had 83.7% sensitivity, 69.6% specificity 69.6% positive predictive value, and 83.7% negative predictive value. A cutoff value of 0.33 for b=500 volume anisotropy had 76.7% sensitivity, 78.3% specificity, 86.8% positive predictive value, and 64.3% negative predictive value.CONCLUSIONApparent diffusion coefficient value of metastatic ALNs was found to be significantly lower than those of non-metastatic ALN, and DTI metrics of metastatic ALN were found to be significantly higher than those of non-metastatic ALN. Overall, ADC had a better diagnostic performance than morphological features, fractional anisotropy, and volume anisotropy. Diffusion tensor imagingderived diffusion metrics may be used to complement breast magnetic resonance imaging in the future after further standardization of the imaging parameters

Expression of Ghrelin and GHSR-1a in Long Term Diabetic Rat's Kidney

The aim of this work was to study the relative ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R)1a gene expression in the kidney of long-term diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: C- control group, DI- one month diabetic rats group, DII- two months diabetic rats group, and DIII- three months diabetic rats group. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin STZ (40mg/kg i.p). The rats were decapitated under ketamine anesthesia and their kidney tissues were removed. Tissue GHS-R mRNA levels, ghrelin expression, and histopathological damage scores were compared. Dilatation in the distal tubules, epithelial desquamation into the lumen of the tubules and transparent tubules showing glycogen vacuolation were observed in all the diabetic groups. Ghrelin immunoreactivity was significantly higher in group DI compared to group C, whereas in groups DII and DIII, ghrelin immunoreactivity was similar with group C. GHSR-1a mRNA level in group DIII was significantly lower than in group C. As a result, ghrelin immunoreactivity increased at the beginning of diabetes; however, with increase in the duration of diabetes ghrelin immunoreactivity approached to the control values. The expression of GHSR-1a mRNA decreased with increase in diabetes duration. It seemed that down-regulation of GHSR-1a contributed to the renal damage induced by long-term diabetes