Neurocinematics as passive-BCI based Applicaition : The EEG study on neural responses of human during watching movie

Department of Human Factors EngineeringTraditionally, brain-computer interface is mostly composed of researches for the rehabilitation of paralyzed patients with the objective of controlling bio-signal through external devices. However, recently the concept of the research has widened to understand the user???s processing of cognitive emotional information for non-medical purposes and has classified this as manual brain-computer interface. Among these, neurocinematics is a manual brain-computer interface???s applied research field which tries to understand the changes in the cognitive or emotional state of the viewer while watching a movie. There are two main reasons why this field of study is receiving particular attention recently. First, movies do not only have audio-visual stimulus, but are composed of different factors such as culture and environment, and it can help in studying the human???s social cognitive process. Another reason is that the original survey or post-interview method of audience reviewing about movies has a limitation - audience should be aware of their conditionsso the credibility is low. On the other hand, neurocinematics studies observe it through bio-signal and believes that a more objective verification is possible. However, in existing researches, they mostly used the method of validating findings by comparing the results of the neurocinematics research through bio-signal with the original result from the survey. Also, a lot of researches were done to know if most subjects made the same reaction while watching the same movie, but they obtained the bio-signal through individual viewing. This research has verified the objectivity of engagement index extraction through the introduction of psychophysical methods to overcome the limitations of existing studies. While the subjects were watching a movie in one room, their brainwaves were measured. Changes in the brainwave synchronization levels between the subjects were also checked. Moreover, we proved the changes in the level of brainwave synchronization in two conditions: when people are watching individually and when they are watching in a group. In the first experiment, we used a psychophysical method called Secondary Task Reaction Time (STRT), which is known for representing concentration to evaluate Neural Engagement Index (NEI). STRT is used to check the reaction speed for a tactile stimulus given additionally while the subject is doing the main task. It is known that the reaction rate gets slower when the subject is more engaged to the main task. In this experiment, we measured the STRT and NEI while the subjects are watching 8 movie trailers that are not yet out in the cinema. After watching each trailer, the subjects completed the survey. As a result, there was a significant correlation between STRT and NEI, but in the survey, there was no meaningful correlation. In the second experiment, while four subjects were simultaneously watching the Chaser (2008, Silk road), their brainwaves were measured and analyzed 5 per frequency band different inter subject correlation (ISC). Moreover, using sliding show method, we analyzed the correlation between time: Delta2~4Hz), Theta (4~8Hz), Alpha (8~13Hz), low Beta (13~18Hz), high Beta(18~23Hz). Also, to verify the derived correlation???s significance, the result of checking the correlation of the data that had been time shifted on each window and its 95% range through non-parametric permutation analysis, the researchers observed time slots that had specific significance on each band correlation. As a result, in the span of the movie???s whole running time, researchers observed that there were parts where a significant correlation increased between the subjects??? band power. Especially there were a lot of meaningful correlations found in the movie when it reaches the emotional climax, and they were important scenes in the movie when it comes to development of plot, these scenes the same with the scenes picked by the majority of the audience. In the third experiment, based on the result of the second experiment, the researchers checked if the audience???s reaction changes depending on the viewing conditions when watching the same movie content by applying a brainwave-based response model. The viewing conditions were divided into a group of people who watched the movie together, and the viewing group who watched the movie in separate rooms. We proceeded with the experiment after recruiting 8 subjects per group. The data of two groups watching together and one group watching individually was built. We analyzed the collective responses to the applied brainwave frequency inter subject correlation coefficient of each group: Delta (2~4Hz), Theta (4~8Hz), Alpha (8~13Hz), low Beta (13~18Hz), high Beta (18~23Hz). During the whole period of watching the movie, as the result of analyzing the rate of ISC increased significantly, the rate of ISC increase of the group that watched the movie together had a higher ISC increase rate than the group that watched the movie individually, in all frequency bandsope

Fabrication of All-Inkjet-Printed 3D Alveolar Barrier Model and Application of Fine Dust Hazard Assessment

Fine dust particles in the air travel into our body via the airway tract and cause damages to our respiratory system. Since this damage causes severe respiratory diseases, the need for studies to analyze the effects of dust particles on the respiratory system has been emphasized. However, most studies about the toxicity of dust have been carried out in two-dimensional cell culture, animal models, and epidemiological investigations. To figure out how dust can cause respiratory disease, it is necessary to examine using a reliable three-dimensional structured model, which mimics human nature alveoli. In this study, we applied atmospheric dust particles in a dose- and time-dependent manner on our previously developed three-dimensional alveolar barrier, which is generated by the inkjet bioprinting process. As result, we observed the destruction of tissue architecture along with cell death in our bioprinted alveolar barrier. Based on the damages in cellular levels, we observed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, which trigger the signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of transcription factors. As cascades of the release of cytokines, we confirmed degradation of extracellular matrix, which might induce a collapse of the structure, loss of cell polarity, and a decreased barrier tightness. We further investigated pulmonary surfactant protein-related genes in dust-treated alveolar tissue then we could estimate the possible harmful effect of dust on pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. This study demonstrated the physiological impact of dust on cytotoxicity effects, alveolar barrier rigidity, and surfactant secretion using inkjet bioprinted alveolar barrier in gene expression level. It has also been demonstrated that dust can have serious consequences that can lead to the collapse of the tissue architecture. We expect that this strategy using in vitro inkjet bioprinted three-dimensional alveolar barrier can be a valuable tool for identifying air pollutant exposure-related diseases.2

Destruction of tissue architecture induced by dust particles in inkjet bioprinted alveolar barrier

Atmosphere dust particles travel into our body via the airway and cause damages to our respiratory system, which causes severe respiratory diseases. Therefore, the need for studies to analyze the effects of dust particles on the respiratory system has been emphasized. However, most studies about the toxicity of dust have been carried out in two-dimensional cell culture, animal models, and epidemiological investigations. To figure out how dust can cause respiratory disease, it is necessary to examine using a reliable three-dimensional structured model, which mimics human nature alveoli. In this study, we applied atmospheric dust particles in dose- and time-dependent manner on our previously developed three-dimensional alveolar barrier, which is generated by the inkjet bioprinting process. As results, we observed destruction of tissue architecture along with cell death in our engineered alveolar barrier. Based on the damages in cellular levels, we observed increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, which trigger the signal transduction pathway leading to the activation of transcription factors. As cascades of release of cytokines, we confirmed a degradation of extracellular matrix, which might induce a collapse of the structure, loss of cell polarity, and a decreased barrier tightness. We further investigated pulmonary surfactant protein-related genes in dust-treated alveolar tissue then we could estimate the possible harmful effect of dust on pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. This study demonstrated the physiological impact of dust on cytotoxicity effects, alveolar barrier rigidity, and surfactant secretion using inkjet bioprinted alveolar barrier in gene expression level. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that dust can have serious consequences that can lead to the collapse of the tissue structure. We expect that this strategy using in vitro inkjet bioprinted 3D alveolar barrier can be a useful tool for identifying pollutant exposure-related diseases.1

Effects of inhaled particulate matter on alveolar collapse and respiratory disease using inkjet bioprinted three-dimensional alveolar barrier

Particulate matter (PM) travels into our body via the airway tract and causes damages to our respiratory system. This damage induced many pulmonary diseases, so it is significant to analyze the effect of PM on the respiratory system. For this reason many studies have been investigated, however, most of them have carried out in 2D cell culture, animal models and epidemiological investigation. In order to verify the exact mechanisms of PM, it is necessary to examine using 3D structured model which mimics human alveoli. In this study, we applied atmospheric PM, Arizona test dust A1 on our previously developed 3D alveolar barrier model which generated by inkjet bioprinting process. As a result, our bioprinted alveolar barrier model was exposed to PM, we observed dramatic cell death and decreased proliferation rate. Based on the damages in cellular levels, we also observed an increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, which stiumulates the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)-1 and -9. To analyze the effect of increased immune responses caused by PM, we treated PM in dose- and time-dependent manner and then confirmed an alveolar tissue disintegration which might induce a collapse of the structure and a decreased barrier tightness. We further investigated a cancer-related and pulmonary surfactant protein-related genes in PM-treated alveolar tissue then we could estimate the possible harmful effect of PM on lung cancer and surfactant dysfunction. This study demonstrated the physiological impact of PM on cytotoxicity effects, alveolar barrier rigidity, surfactant secretion, and pulmonary diseases using inkjet bioprinted alveolar barrier in gene expression level. It has also been demonstrated that PM can have serious consequences that can lead to the collapse of the alveolar barrier. We expect that this strategy using in vitro inkjet bioprinted 3D alveolar barrier is able to be a valuable tool for the identification of air pollutant exposure-related diseases.1

Respiratory dysfunction induced by dust particles in inkjet bioprinted alveolar barrier

Fine dust particles in the air travel through the airways to our bodies, damaging our respiratory system. The need for research to analyze the effects of dust particles on the respiratory system has been highlighted because such damage causes serious respiratory problems. However, most studies of dust toxicity have been conducted in two-dimensional cell culture, animal models, and epidemiological investigations. To find out how dust can cause respiratory problems, researchers should investigate using a reliable three-dimensional structural model that mimics human nature alveoli. In this study, dust particles were applied to the previously developed three-dimensional alveoli barrier created by the inkjet bioprinting process. As a result, we observed dramatic cell apoptosis, reduced proliferation and lung dysfunction in inkjet bioprinted alveolar barriers exposed to dust particles. Based on cell-level damage, we also observed an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulated the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). To analyze the effect of increasing immune response from dust, dust was treated in dose- and time-dependent manner, and alveolar tissue collapse was identified to induce structural collapse and reduced barrier robustness. We further investigated lung surfactant protein-related genes in dust-treated alveoli tissues and then estimate the harmful effects of dust on lung surfactant dysfunction. This study demonstrated the physiological effects of dust on cytotoxicity, alveolar barrier stiffness and surfactant secretion at gene expression level using inkjet bioprinted alveoli barriers. It has also been demonstrated that dust can have serious consequences that can lead to the collapse of the alveoli barrier. Using in vitro inkjet bio-printed 3D alveoli barriers, we expect this strategy to be a useful tool for identifying air pollutant exposure-related diseases.2

Use of a 3D inkjet‐printed model to access dust particle toxicology in the human alveolar barrier

Fine dust particles in the air travel into our body via the airway tract and cause severe respiratory diseases. Thus, the analysis of the effects of dust particles on the respiratory system has been receiving significant research interest. However, most studies on the toxicity of dust particles involve two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, animal models, and epidemiology. Here, we inkjet-printed a three-dimensional (3D) alveolar barrier model to study how dust particles cause respiratory diseases. The three-layered in vitro model was exposed to A2 fine test dust with varying concentrations and exposure durations. The results highlighted the destruction of the tissue architecture along with apoptosis in the bioprinted alveolar barrier. The damage at the cellular level induced an increase in the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted, followed by triggering of the signal transduction pathway and activation of transcription factors. As a consequence of the release of cytokines, the extracellular matrix was degraded, which led to the collapse of the cell structure, loss of cell polarity, and a decrease in barrier tightness. Further, the pulmonary surfactant protein-related genes in the dust-treated alveolar tissue were investigated to evaluate the possible role of dust particles in pulmonary surfactant dysfunction. This study demonstrated the use of 3D-printed tissue model to evaluate the physiological impact of fine dust particles on cytotoxicity, alveolar barrier rigidity, and surfactant secretion of an alveolar barrier. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.11Nsciescopu

Microfabrication of In Vitro Alveolar-Capillary Barrier Model by Inkjet-based Bioprinting

An in vitro alveolar-capillary barrier is one of the essential model systems for pulmonary drug and particle tests in disease studies, drug discovery and toxicology. An alveolar-capillary barrier in the gas exchanging region of the lung consists of epithelial and endothelial layers with a thickness of 2 μm. This thin structure is critical to sustain pulmonary function such as gas diffusion. There has been efforts to fabricate the biomimetic human alveolar-capillary barrier model, using microfluidic devices and bioprinting technology. However, none of the works has achieved to mimic this thin membrane, a key feature for the model. Here, we present a human alveolar-capillary model with a sub-10 mm-thick membrane, containing multi-type alveolar cells. We fabricated the alveolar-capillary barrier model with four types of human alveolar cell lines, including type 1 alveolar cell (NCI-H1703), type 2 alveolar cell (A549), lung fibroblast (MRC5), and lung microvascular endothelial cell (HULEC5a). High-resolution drop-on-demand inkjet printing enabled the fabrication of the thin alveolar-capillary barrier model under sub-10 μm thickness for the optimal structure by drop-on-demand deposition of multi-type alveolar cells as a thin layer. We evaluated the functions of the fabricated models by histology, barrier integrity test, and barrier permeability test to demonstrate the level of biomimicry. Inkjet-based bioprinting enabled the fabrication of reproducible in vitro alveolar-capillary models, which have biomimetic microstructures with customized and functionally designed micro-patterns. The inkjet-bioprinted alveolar-capillary models have a potential to replace animal testing as expecting to be applied in disease models for pathology, drug discovery, and toxicology.1

Display-control spatial mapping problem: Revisit to four-hotplate stovetop design

Objective: The aim of this study was twofold - 1) to identify user-preferred spatial arrangements of four pairs of hotplate and control, and 2) to investigate the effects of initial design constraints on the user preference. Background: Most stove layout designs come with squarely arranged 4 hotplates with different locations/alignments for their controls. Prior studies on the stovetop layout problem, however, were done with some initial design constraints (e.g., hotplates first placed on the stovetop). Method: Twenty participants were asked to place 4 hotplates and 4 controls at any place on the stovetop they preferred (without preoccupation of either hotplate or control), and then to couple each hotplate with each control. In the second session, 4 hotplates or controls were placed first on the stovetop, and then remaining parts were placed by the participants. Results: One spatial arrangement was predominant in the first session, while three were in the second session. Conclusion: Initial design constraints appeared to affect display-control mapping preferences. Application: The findings imply that a ny initial design constraint should be carefully allowed for when determining any display-control mapping solution based on user preference

Viscoelasticity Control of Gelatin Methacryloyl by Sonication for 3D Inkjet Bioprinting

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3D-Printed Airway Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Antiviral Drug Testing

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