Teachers’ social and emotional health indicators in the distance learning situation during the Covid-19 pandemic

There were 3 countries which participated in Erasmus+ project „Supporting teachers to face the challenge of distance teaching” (2020-1-LV01-KA226-SCH-094599) during last year. The aim of the project was to develop a well-functioning digital support system for teachers, promoting socio-emotional health and resilience. The main aim of this research was to outline a research problem on teacher well-being factors in three countries during the Covid-19 pandemic, when teachers worked remotely, and to further explore the problem in a focus group in Latvia. The following is a description of the study that was carried out in Latvia on the problems of teachers' social and emotional health factors during distance learning in 2020-2021. The study in Latvia took place in parallel with the study in Slovakia and Lithuania. This article describes the first part of the study in Latvia. One of the tasks of the study was to identify the factors that predicted teachers’ social and emotional health (SEH-T), to determine the relationships between teacher SEH, emotional burnout and teacher engagement in work indicators, and to perform a linguistic and psychometric adaptation of the teacher SEH-T (Social-emotional Health Survey – Teachers, Furlong and Gajdosova, 2019). Latvian teachers from different schools in Latvia participated in this study. Respondents completed three surveys: Teachers SEH-T (Social- emotional Health Survey – Teachers, Furlong and Gajdosova, 2018), Engaged Teachers Scale (ETS; Klassen, Yerdelen & Durksen, 2013) and the K. Maslach Burnout Survey – General Survey (MBI– GS, Maslach, Jackson & Leiter, 1996; Caune, 2004). The results showed that the translation of teachers' SEH-T survey into Latvian language had good internal coherence of articles, the article discrimination index indicator was statically significant, and the reaction index was within the normal range. Teachers SEH is positively predicted by teacher engagement indicators. Demographic and emotional burnout rates do not predict teachers' SEH-T scores. The results showed that there were statistically significant positive correlations between teacher SEH-T, teacher engagement, and emotional burnout rates. There were statistically significant negative correlations between teachers' SEH-T indicators, teacher involvement and emotional burnout indicators. Keywords: Teachers SEH, work engagement, emotional burnoutpublishersversionPeer reviewe

The role of human rights in the regulation of private military and security companies general report – the European system

This report assesses the impact of the activities carried out by PMSCs on the enjoyment of human rights under the EU human rights regime. It is submitted that that the state of nationality of a PMSC is bound to remedy the latter’s violations of fundamental rights, even if the operation and the major activities of the PMSC in question fall outside the scope of EU’s competence. As to the ECtHR, the historically narrow interpretation of jurisdictional limits may be expanding. Relevance of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and EU’s secondary legislation of anti-discrimination in protecting the victims of human rights violations is questioned primarily because of the scope of the respective provisions and the difficulties related to their extra-territorial application. As to the addressees of human rights obligations, it is observed that although the EU’s standard of protection is not uniform in all contexts. Further, where the activities of PMSCs have human rights implications, attribution of their acts to any of the Member States will be almost impossible. By contrast, human rights can be indirectly applicable to private relations, viz. individuals. The EU human rights regime is relevant for the availability of judicial remedies chiefly insofar as it may be hoped that with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty way will be paved for an eventual EU legislation imposing an obligation on the Member States with respect to the licensing of PMSCs as well as criminalization of their illegal conduct outside the EU

The impact of the EU human rights system on operations of private military and security companies

This chapter assesses the impact of the activities carried out by PMSCs on the enjoyment of human rights under the European Union's (EU) human rights regime. It argues that the state of nationality of a PMSC is bound to remedy the latter's violations of fundamental rights, even if the operation and the major activities of the PMSC in question fall outside the scope of the EU's competence. As to the European Courth of Human Rights, the historically narrow interpretation of jurisdictional limits may be expanding. Relevance of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in protecting the victims of human rights violations is also questioned. As to the addressees of human rights obligations, the EU's standard of protection is not uniform in all contexts. Further, where the activities of PMSCs have human rights implications, attribution of their acts to any of the Member States will be almost impossible. By contrast, human rights can be indirectly applicable to private relations.Published version of EUI AEL WP 2009/1

Nutrient Analysis of Food Waste from Ships’ Greywater in the Baltic Sea

This case study presents the results of assessments of the potential risk of pollution by food waste in different applied shipping scenarios. A four-step model was used to analyse the applied procedures. The first step of the study involved the identification of possible strategies for on-board food waste management. In the second step, physicochemical tests of visually selected greywater detected high contents of nutrients (NTotal ≤ 238 mg·L−1 and PTotal ≤ 71 mg·L−1). Daily nutrient content (DNC) calculations of different food waste management scenarios allowed us to estimate the highest emission value from the discharge of greywater mixed with shredded food waste in the third step. In the final stage of the study, the results obtained made it possible to qualitatively assess the impact of DNC load on food waste management methods in the Baltic Sea environment. This study highlights the potential risk of polluting the Baltic Sea with nutrients and other contaminants in various scenarios, which will impact the marine recovery process. The presented research helps to outline waste management approaches for the reduction of these risks

Microplastics in Ship Sewage and Solutions to Limit Their Spread: A Case Study

The case study presented in the paper is the first in the field to find microplastic (MP) particles in both grey water (GW) and post-treatment sewage (TS) samples, which can also be legally discharged into specially protected areas. Compiling a data set of 50 water samples collected from the GW and TS samples of 5 transport ships involved in the case study, we show that the mean number of separated microparticles in the GW samples n = 72 particles per litre, and in the TS samples n = 51 particles per litre. Of the 614 separated particles, the most common were fibres n = 285 (46.4%), followed by other (various) hard particles n = 226 (36.8%) and soft particles n = 104 (16.8%). Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) identification was mainly in the form polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) (solid particles and films), polyesters, polyamides, and acrylic fibres. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed ecotoxic chemical elements on the surface of these particles. Our results show that the sewage treatment facilities installed on ships need to be improved, and we developed a solution for this. The findings of the case study certainly deserve further attention and serve as an impetus for research on the improvement of ship wastewater treatment facilities

Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany

The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected