1,084 research outputs found

    Dynamics of single polymers under extreme confinement

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    We study the dynamics of a single chain polymer confined to a two dimensional cell. We introduce a kinetically constrained lattice gas model that preserves the connectivity of the chain, and we use this kinetically constrained model to study the dynamics of the polymer at varying densities through Monte Carlo simulations. Even at densities close to the fully-packed configuration, we find that the monomers comprising the chain manage to diffuse around the box with a root mean square displacement of the order of the box dimensions over time scales for which the overall geometry of the polymer is, nevertheless, largely preserved. To capture this shape persistence, we define the local tangent field and study the two-time tangent-tangent correlation function, which exhibits a glass-like behavior. In both closed and open chains, we observe reptational motion and reshaping through local fingering events which entail global monomer displacement.Comment: 22 pages, 18 figures, slightly extended version to appear in JSTA

    The Influence of World-Sheet Boundaries on Critical Closed String Theory

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    This paper considers interactions between closed strings and open strings satisfying either Neumann or constant (point-like) Dirichlet boundary conditions in a BRST formalism in the critical dimension. With Neumann conditions this reproduces the well-known stringy version of the Higgs mechanism. With Dirichlet conditions the open-string states correspond to either auxiliary or Lagrange multiplier target-space fields and their coupling to the closed-string sector leads to constraints on the closed-string spectrum.Comment: 15 pages, QMW-92-18;NI9201

    FLEXBLE ROBOTIC ACTUATORS

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    Some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter includes a laminated robotic actuator. The laminated robotic actuator includes a strain-limiting layer comprising a flexible, non extensible material in the form of a sheet or thin film, a flexible inflatable layer in the form of a thin film or sheet in facing relationship with the Strain-limiting layer, wherein the inflatable layer is selectively adhered to the strain-limiting layer, and wherein a portion of an un-adhered region between the strain-limiting layer and the inflatable layer defines a pressurizable channel, and at least one fluid inlet in fluid communication with the pressurizable channel. The first flexible non-extensible material has a stiffness that is greater than the stiffness of the second flexible elastomeric material and the flexible elastomer is non-extensible under actuation conditions

    Sustainable Agriculture for Alaska and the Circumpolar North: Part I. Development and Status of Northern Agriculture and Food Security

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    Alaska is food insecure, importing the vast majority of its agricultural products and commodities and maintaining a minimal year-round food supply. Much of the circumpolar North, with some notable exceptions, is also food insecure and similarly reliant on foods imported from outside regions. The stark differences in food policies, food security, and overall production that exist between individual countries and regions of the circumpolar North are likely due to variability in their physical and social environments, their varying agrarian histories (e.g., Old World vs. New World), and their different first-hand experiences with food insecurity, often during wartime. Alaska’s agricultural history is unique, having progressed through periods of exploration and expansion and having experienced both success and failure. Agriculture exists today in Alaska as an underdeveloped natural resource – based industry that has been shaped by historical events and developmental processes and continually influenced by a host of environmental and socioeconomic factors. Continued interaction between stakeholders, agencies, and others will help the industry to progress to the point of meeting increasing food demands and improving food security.L’Alaska est aux prises avec l’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire en ce sens que l’État importe la grande majoritĂ© de ses produits et marchandises agricoles et qu’il maintient un approvisionnement alimentaire minime Ă  l’annĂ©e. MalgrĂ© quelques exceptions remarquables, une grande partie du Nord circumpolaire souffre d’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et dĂ©pend de produits alimen­taires importĂ©s d’autres rĂ©gions. Les importantes diffĂ©rences qui existent en matiĂšre de politiques alimentaires, d’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et de production gĂ©nĂ©rale entre les pays et les rĂ©gions du Nord circumpolaire sont vraisemblablement attribuables aux divers environnements physiques et sociaux, Ă  leur histoire agraire variĂ©e (celle de l’Ancien Monde par opposition Ă  celle du Nouveau Monde) et Ă  leurs diffĂ©rentes expĂ©riences directes en matiĂšre d’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire, plus particuliĂšrement en temps de guerre. L’histoire agricole de l’Alaska est unique, ayant passĂ© par des pĂ©riodes d’exploration et d’expansion, et connu tant des rĂ©ussites que des Ă©checs. De nos jours, l’agriculture en Alaska est une industrie sous-dĂ©veloppĂ©e de ressources naturelles qui a Ă©tĂ© façonnĂ©e par des Ă©vĂ©nements historiques et des processus dĂ©veloppementaux, continuellement influencĂ©e par une panoplie de facteurs environnementaux et socioĂ©conomiques. Les efforts collectifs dĂ©ployĂ©s par les parties prenantes, les organismes et d’autres parties aideront cette industrie Ă  progresser au point de pouvoir rĂ©pondre Ă  la demande croissante de nourriture et d’amĂ©liorer la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire

    Sustainable Agriculture for Alaska and the Circumpolar North: Part III. Meeting the Challenges of High-Latitude Farming

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    Agriculture is a severely underdeveloped industry in Alaska and throughout most of the Subarctic. Growers and entrepreneurs must overcome a diverse set of challenges to achieve greater sustainability in northern communities where resilience is threatened by food insecurity and challenges to northern agriculture have limited the industry. However, several field-based or social policy solutions to problems of high-latitude agriculture have been proposed or are being put into practice. Field-based solutions include the use of special infrastructure or farm management strategies to extend the short growing season, improve soil quality, integrate appropriate pest and irrigation management practices, and further develop the livestock sector. Social and policy solutions are resolutions or decisions reached by stakeholders and government, often through cooperative interaction and discussion. These solutions stem from meaningful discussion and decision making among community members, organizations, agencies, and legislators. Social and policy solutions for Alaska include addressing the high costs of land and the preservation of agricultural lands; improved markets and market strategies; more appropriate funding for research, education and infrastructure; and other integrative or cooperative efforts. Collectively, these solutions will work to improve the outlook for sustainable agriculture in Alaska.En Alaska et dans une grande partie des rĂ©gions subarctiques, l’agriculture est une industrie extrĂȘmement sous-dĂ©veloppĂ©e. Les producteurs et les entrepreneurs doivent surmonter un ensemble de dĂ©fis variĂ©s pour donner lieu Ă  une plus grande durabilitĂ© dans les collectivitĂ©s nordiques, lĂ  oĂč la rĂ©silience est menacĂ©e par l’insĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et oĂč les dĂ©fis caractĂ©risant l’agriculture nordique imposent des restrictions Ă  l’industrie. Cependant, plusieurs solutions apportĂ©es sur le terrain ou par le biais de politiques sociales vis-Ă -vis des problĂšmes touchant l’agriculture en haute latitude ont Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©es ou sont en train d’ĂȘtre mises en pratique. Parmi les solutions apportĂ©es sur le terrain, notons le recours Ă  une infrastructure particuliĂšre ou Ă  des stratĂ©gies de gestion agricole visant Ă  prolonger la courte saison de croissance, Ă  amĂ©liorer la qualitĂ© du sol, Ă  intĂ©grer des mĂ©thodes de gestion de l’irrigation et des organismes nuisibles, et Ă  mettre davantage l’accent sur le secteur de l’élevage du bĂ©tail. Les solutions en matiĂšre de politiques sociales prennent la forme de rĂ©solutions ou de dĂ©cisions prises par les parties prenantes et le gouvernement, souvent en collaboration et Ă  la lumiĂšre de discussions. Ces solutions dĂ©coulent de discussions et de prises de dĂ©cisions importantes entre les membres des collectivitĂ©s, les organisations, les agences et les lĂ©gislateurs. Les solutions de politiques sociales de l’Alaska portent notamment sur le coĂ»t Ă©levĂ© de la terre et la conservation des terres agricoles, sur l’amĂ©lioration des marchĂ©s et des stratĂ©gies de commercialisation, sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’obtenir des sources de financement plus adĂ©quates pour la recherche, l’éducation et l’infrastructure, ainsi que sur d’autres efforts d’intĂ©gration et de coopĂ©ration. Ensemble, ces solutions permettront d’amĂ©liorer la conjoncture de l’agriculture durable en Alaska

    Sustainable Agriculture for Alaska and the Circumpolar North: Part II. Environmental, Geophysical, Biological and Socioeconomic Challenges

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    Local agriculture, food security and food supply are limited in Alaska, as well as in much of the circumpolar North. These limitations stem from a suite of challenges that have never been well characterized, categorized, or wholly defined. We identify these challenges as being environmental, geophysical, biological, or socioeconomic in nature, noting that some challenges are interrelated. Additionally, Alaska is expansive, and growing conditions are highly variable across different regions and microclimates of the state. Environmental challenges to Alaskan agriculture are generally linked to high latitude and include strong seasonality, a short growing season, cold temperatures, and unpredictable frosts. Geophysical challenges are characterized by a high percentage of soils that are wet and cold or low in natural fertility. Biological challenges include cultivar adaptability and selection; the control of various pests, weeds, and diseases; and decreased microbial activity in cold soils, which can allow pesticides to linger and slow mineralization of organic fertilizers. Socioeconomic challenges to farming in Alaska are especially limiting and may categorically represent the strongest hindrances to agriculture. They often overlap or interact with many of the identified agro-ecological and biogeographic challenges. Major socioeconomic issues can be a relatively low financial incentive or reward for farmers; inconsistent or limited markets; the high cost of land, infrastructure, and inputs; zoning challenges; a lack of cooperatives; and for rural farmers, time conflicts with more traditional means of subsistence food acquisition. These challenges collectively represent factors that limit agriculture in Alaska, and they provide a basis and justification for developing more sustainable solutions. agriculture; Alaska; challenges; climate; circumpolar; farming; soils; subarctic; sustainable; socioeconomicEn Alaska, l’agriculture locale, la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire et les approvisionnements en vivres sont limitĂ©s. C’est Ă©galement le cas d’une grande partie du Nord circumpolaire. Ces limitations dĂ©coulent d’un ensemble de dĂ©fis qui n’ont jamais Ă©tĂ© bien caractĂ©risĂ©s, catĂ©gorisĂ©s ou entiĂšrement dĂ©finis. Nous estimons que ces dĂ©fis sont d’ordre environnemental, gĂ©ophysique, biologique ou socioĂ©conomique, et que certains des dĂ©fis sont interreliĂ©s. De plus, l’Alaska est d’une grande Ă©tendue, et les conditions de croissance varient Ă©normĂ©ment d’une rĂ©gion Ă  l’autre et d’un microclimat Ă  l’autre de l’État. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, les dĂ©fis environnementaux inhĂ©rents Ă  l’agriculture alaskienne ont trait Ă  la haute latitude, ce qui comprend une importante saisonnalitĂ©, une courte saison de croissance, des tempĂ©ratures froides et des gelĂ©es imprĂ©visibles. Pour leur part, les dĂ©fis gĂ©ophysiques sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par un fort pourcentage de sols humides et froids, ou encore, de sols dont la fertilitĂ© naturelle est faible, puis les dĂ©fis d’ordre biologique ont trait Ă  l’adaptabilitĂ© et Ă  la sĂ©lection des cultivars, Ă  la lutte contre divers organismes nuisibles, les mauvaises herbes et les maladies, ainsi qu’à une activitĂ© microbienne rĂ©duite dans les sols froids, ce qui permet aux pesticides de rester plus longtemps et ralentit la minĂ©ralisation des engrais organiques. Quant aux dĂ©fis de nature socioĂ©conomique, ils imposent des restrictions particuliĂšrement fortes en Alaska, au point oĂč ils pourraient mĂȘme catĂ©goriquement reprĂ©senter le plus grand obstacle Ă  l’agriculture. Dans bien des cas, les dĂ©fis se chevauchent ou ont une action rĂ©ciproque sur un grand nombre d’enjeux agroĂ©cologiques et biogĂ©ographiques. De plus, les grands enjeux socioĂ©conomiques peuvent prendre la forme de rĂ©compenses financiĂšres relativement faibles pour les agriculteurs, de marchĂ©s irrĂ©guliers ou limitĂ©s, du coĂ»t Ă©levĂ© de la terre, des infrastructures et des intrants, d’obstacles inhĂ©rents au zonage, d’un manquĂ© de coopĂ©ratives et, dans le cas des agriculteurs ruraux, de conflits d’emploi du temps avec les moyens de subsistance plus traditionnels d’acquisition de la nourriture. Collectivement, ces dĂ©fis reprĂ©sentent les facteurs qui imposent des restrictions Ă  l’agriculture en Alaska, et ils constituent les fondements et la justification nĂ©cessaires au dĂ©veloppement de solutions plus durables

    Regulating the Market in Human Research Participants

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    Lemmens and Miller critically examine "finder's fees" and other recruitment incentives issued to physicians for successfully referring patients to clinical trial investigators
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