PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STANDARDISATION OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN- RED FLESHED VARIETY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Red fleshed variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-15cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, conical and flagellate trichomes, fragment of palisade mesophyll and parenchymal cells.Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf. Â

EVALUATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN- SMOOTH GREEN VARIETY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Smooth green variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-15cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, conical and flagellate trichomes, fragment of palisade mesophyll and parenchymal cells.Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf.Â

CARDIO PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THE LEAVES OF ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L. ON DAPHNIA MAGNA

Objective: To prescreen  the in vivo cardioprotective activity of the  leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus.L Family Moraceae  using  the model organism Daphnia magna along with preliminary phytochemical study and acute toxicity assessment.Method:  To evaluate the Cardioprotective effect of the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus (EAAH) in vivo on the lactose induced arrhythmic heart of the cladocerans  D.magna (Water flea) a novel model system for studying effects of agonists and toxins on cell signalling and ion channels in situ. Initially acute toxicity assessment, total phenolic content by UV spectral methods and ursolic acid content by HPTLC, trace elements by X-ray fluorescence were determined.Results: Normal mean heart beat of the D.magna at 200±2°C was found to be 191.4±1.4 beats/min (n=50).  Arrhythmia was induced by lactose (200mM) in the bathing medium.  The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus (20, 40, 60, 80µg/ml) prevented the lactose induced arrhythmia in dose dependent manner. Previous assessment of toxicity showed LC50 5.88mg/L. Preliminary phytochemical screening of appropriate solvent extract of the leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins , phenolic compounds and absence of alkaloids, volatile oils, fixed oils, glycosides like anthroquinone,  cardiac, cyanogenetic and isothiocyanate. Total phenolic, ursolic acid content of EAAH was 376.5mg/g, 134mg/g respectively. High percentage of calcium, potassium was found in addition to traces of magnesium, sulphur, zinc, strontium, manganese, aluminium. Conclusion: Artocarpus heterophyllus L. (Jack fruit) has long been recognized and economically is of appreciable importance as a source of edible aggregate fruit. This study indicates that the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of A.heterophyllus possesses potential cardio protective activity on the lactose induced arrhythmia   of the Daphnia heart without any toxicity and mortality. It is assumed that this may be due to polyphenolic content, ursolic acid, trace elements like calcium, potassium, magnesium.  Further investigation requires confirming this activity.Keywords: Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae, Cardioprotective, Daphnia magna, UrsolicacidÂ

EVALUATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN- NAGPUR SEEDLESS VARIETY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Nagpur seedless variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-13cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, conical and flagellate trichomes, fragment of palisade mesophyll and parenchymal cells.Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf.Â

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, SEM AND EDAX PROFILE OF THE LEAVES OF CITRUS AURANTIUM L. (RUTACEAE)

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and SEM of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) leaves along with determination of trace elements by Energy dispersive X-ray analysis.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy including SEM, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, EDAX and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (8-14cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, Foliate – elliptic, whitish green with serrate margin, acuminate apex and symmetrical base with winged petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of cyclocytic stomata in lower epidermis and apostomatic upper epidermis, three layers of short palisade cells, wide circular secretary cavities, large double stranded vascular bundles, xylem vessels, phloem, and fibers. SEM of midrib showed many folded appearance.No diagnostic feature and new kind of micro constituents not previously recognized and apparently simple structure which may be extremely complex was observed.Identification of inorganic minerals of the leaves of C.aurantium by EDAX showed the presence of minerals Calcium (0.42 percent), Potassium (0.72 percent), Magnesium (0.09 percent), and Sodium (0.09 percent).Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf. Elemental composition of the leaves useful in preparation of various herbal formulations with enriched minerals

VITIS VINIFERA.L (VITACEAE) LEAVES TOWARDS ANTIMITOTIC AND ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY IN ANTICANCER DRUG DISCOVERY

Objective: To prescreen the in vivo antimitotic and antiproliferative activity of the leaves of Vitis vinifera.L. Family Vitaceae using the model organism Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Method: In the present study to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the   V. vinifera (Vitaceae), Common Grape Vine was selected for phytochemical and pharmacological screening of antimitotic and antiproliferative activity. Antimitotic activity was evaluated on actively dividing meristamatic cells of Allium cepa root tip and antiproliferative activity was determined by cell viability and DNA fragmentation assay using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model organism.Result:  Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of V.vinifera leaves (EEVV) showed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, xanthoprotein, reducing sugars, aromatic acids, phenolic compounds, volatileoil and absence of alkaloids, fixed oils. HPTLC analysis showed the presence of stilbene derivative resveratrol. Antimitoticactivity of EEVV using the Allium cepa root tip model showed good inhibition of dividing meristamatic cells. The percentage of mitotic index (4, 5, 6 mg/ml) of EEVV and control were found to be 29.43, 21.75, 13.96 and 66.48 respectively. The effect was comparable to that of the standard drug methotrexate 100ng/ml (11.69).The antiproliferative assay using the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model also showed that the EEVV is a good inhibitor of yeast cell growth. The percentage of inhibition of cell viability by EEVV (4, 5, 6 mg/ml) is 48.02, 65.56, and 83.05 respectively which was comparable to that of the standard drug methotrexate 50 and 100ng/ml 48.96 and 81.92 respectively. This activity was found to be dose dependent and the IC50 was 4.54mg/ml. DNA fragmentation assay showed that the mode of action of extract is due to the DNA fragmentation.Conclusion: V. vinifera leaves have been used in medicine due to various biological activities and as a food. This study indicates that the EEVV possesses potential anti mitotic and anti proliferative activity. The presence of resveratrol and the attributed reported anti oxidant activity appears to contribute to the antimitotic and antiproliferative activity. Further investigation requires confirming this activity

QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROFILE OF THE LEAVES OF VITIS VINIFERA L. (VITACEAE) – AN IMPORTANT PHYTOTHERAPY COMPONENT OF TROPICAL DISEASES CONTROL

Objective: To study in detail the macro and micro morphology including scanning electron microscopy, phyto and physicochemical analysis  along with the trace elements determination (EDAX) of the leaves of Vitis vinifera L. family Vitaceae, which  possesses various bioactive components and many traditional and pharmacologically validated uses in the treatment of many diseases including NTD.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy including scanning electron microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening, Energy dispersive X-ray analysis to determine the various trace elements, and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Vitis vinifera L. leaves are orbicular-cordate, 5-15cm, more or less deeply, palmately-3-, 5- or 7-lobed, irregularly toothed, glabrescent above, often grey-tomentose beneath, thin membraneous; Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of ranunculaceous type of stomata in lower epidermis and upper epidermis cell walls are straight polygonal in shape and apostomatic, secretory cells, druses of calcium oxalate crystals, raphide, pearl glands, unicellular trichomes, xylem vessels, phloem, fibres. Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physicochemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and amino acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, volatile oil, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of glycosides, alkaloids, fixed oil.Conclusion: The microscopic analysis using histological identification, microscopic constants and other physicochemical examinations of the leaves of Vitis vinifera L. can be used as a rapid, inexpensive botanical identification technique and is useful in standardization, hence would be of immense value in authentication of the leaf as it was proved to have wide panel of pharmacological and ethno medical use including prevention and treatment of tropical diseases

EVALUATION OF PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN- BANGALORE VARIETY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Bangalore variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-13cm × 4-5 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, conical and flagellate trichomes, fragment of palisade mesophyll and parenchymal cells.Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf.Â

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN– ANAKAPALLI VARIEITY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Anakapalli variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-15cm × 4-6 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, circular secretary cavities, broadly bowl shaped vascular bundles, xylem vessels, phloem, and fibers.   Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf.Â

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEAVES OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN– LUCKNOW- 46 VARIEITY

Objective: To explore the micro morphology and physio chemical parameters of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) – Lucknow- 46 variety.Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and other WHO recommended parameters for standardizations were performed.Results: Leaves (5-15cm × 4-6 cm) are dorsiventral, oblong – elliptic, dull grey to yellow green with entire margin, obtuse to bluntly acuminate apex and rounded to subcuneate base with short petiole. Microscopic evaluation revealed the presence of paracytic stomata, three layers of wide rectangular cells, circular secretary cavities, calcium oxalate crystals, broadly bowl shaped vascular bundles, xylem vessels, phloem, and fibers.           Vein islet numbers, vein termination numbers, stomatal number, stomatal index and other physico chemical tests like ash values, loss on drying, extractive values were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of sterols, tannins, proteins and aminoacids, flavonoids, volatile oil, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and absence of alkaloids, mucilage, glycosides, fixed oil.Conclusion: Microscopic analysis was informative and provides useful information in the botanical identification, standardization for purity & quality and immense value in authentication of the leaf.Â