Collisional and Radiative Processes in Optically Thin Plasmas

Most of our knowledge of the physical processes in distant plasmas is obtained through measurement of the radiation they produce. Here we provide an overview of the main collisional and radiative processes and examples of diagnostics relevant to the microphysical processes in the plasma. Many analyses assume a time-steady plasma with ion populations in equilibrium with the local temperature and Maxwellian distributions of particle velocities, but these assumptions are easily violated in many cases. We consider these departures from equilibrium and possible diagnostics in detail

Exploring the Effect of Humic Acid on Chlorophyll Levels in Japanese Mint under Drip and Flood Irrigation Amidst Water and Nutrient Constraints

A field experiment on Mentha (Mentha arvensis L.) was conducted during the spring seasons of 2022 and 2023 at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The objective was to investigate the impact of foliar spray of humic acid on SPAD values under conditions of limited water and nutrients. The experiment comprised two drip irrigation levels (80% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration) and four nutrient management practices. These practices included: 25% NPK basal + 75% NPK fertigation, 50% NPK basal + 50% NPK fertigation, No basal + 75% NPK fertigation + three foliar sprays of humic acid at 0.3%, and 25% NPK basal + 50% NPK fertigation + three foliar sprays of humic acid at 0.3%. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replicates (factorial), and an extra control was included. The control followed conventional practices, where the crop received recommended doses of fertilizers (N: P2O5: K2O @ 120:60:40 kg/ha) and was irrigated at an IW: CPE ratio of 1.2 with a 5 cm irrigation depth. Significantly higher SPAD values were observed when the crop was irrigated at 100% ETc level of drip irrigation and with nutrient management practices involving foliar application of humic acid, compared to 80% ETc level of drip irrigation and total NPK supply through chemical fertilizers, respectively. At harvest, crops irrigated at 100% ETc level recorded SPAD readings that were 11.1% and 18% higher than those irrigated at 80% ETc level during 2022 and 2023, respectively. The humic acid application helped to maintain the SPAD values even after a 25% reduction in nutrient dosage. SPAD values for control were significantly lower than the combination of best nutrient management practices with either 80 or 100% ETc level of drip irrigation

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Not AvailableThe output energy was higher by 1.73 % in no pre-planting tillage than conventional due to1.4 t ha higher cane yield. Energy use efficiency and energy productivity were also higher by 3.7 and 4.1 % in the absence of pre-planting tillage over the conventional tillage treatment. In contrast, energy intensity was higher by 3.7 % in conventional than no pre- planting tillage indicating more energy requirement to produce per unit cane yield. Trench method recorded the maximum energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy gain and was the lowest energy intensive.Not Availabl