Socioeconomic, Psychosocial, and Clinical Factors Associated with Employment in Women with HIV in the United States: A Correlational Study

Employment is a social determinant of health, and women living with HIV (WLWH) are often underemployed. This correlational study examined the socioeconomic, psychosocial, and clinical factors associated with employment among WLWH (n = 1,357) and women at risk for HIV (n = 560). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to evaluate factors associated with employment status. Employment was associated (p ≤.05) with better socioeconomic status and quality of life (QOL), less tobacco and substance use, and better physical, psychological, and cognitive health. Among WLWH, employment was associated (p ≤.05) with improved adherence to HIV care visits and HIV RNA viral suppression. Using multivariable regression modeling, differences were found between WLWH and women at risk for HIV. Among WLWH, household income, QOL, education, and time providing childcare remained associated with employment in adjusted multivariable analyses (R2=.272, p <.001). A better understanding of the psychosocial and structural factors affecting employment is needed to reduce occupational disparities among WLWH

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a second generation water Cherenkov detector designed to determine whether the currently observed solar neutrino deficit is a result of neutrino oscillations. The detector is unique in its use of D2O as a detection medium, permitting it to make a solar model-independent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by comparison of the charged- and neutral-current interaction rates. In this paper the physical properties, construction, and preliminary operation of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are described. Data and predicted operating parameters are provided whenever possible.Comment: 58 pages, 12 figures, submitted to Nucl. Inst. Meth. Uses elsart and epsf style files. For additional information about SNO see http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca . This version has some new reference

Candidaspongiolides, Distinctive Analogues of Tedanolide from Sponges of the Genus Candidaspongia

Fractionation of cytotoxic extracts of specimens of a newly described sponge genus, Candidaspongia, has yielded the candidaspongiolides (3), a complex mixture of acyl esters of a macrolide related to tedanolide. The general structure of the candidaspongiolides was determined by analyses of various 2D NMR and MS data sets. The acyl ester components were identified by GC-MS analysis of the derived fatty acid methyl esters. The mixture could be selectively converted to the deacylated macrolide core (4) by enzymolysis with immobilized porcine lipase, with the structure of the candidaspongiolide core then secured by NMR and MS analysis. The candidaspongiolide mixture was potently cytotoxic, exhibiting a mean panel 50% growth inhibition (GI50) of 14 ng/mL in the National Cancer Institute’s 60-cell-line in Vitro antitumor screen

Marcadores SNP: conceitos básicos, aplicações no manejo e no melhoramento animal e perspectivas para o futuro SNP markers: basic concepts, applications in animal breeding and management and perspectives for the future

Os primeiros estudos de identificação, caracterização e utilização de marcadores moleculares para a caracterização de recursos genéticos e geração de ferramentas para o melhoramento animal datam do final da década de 80. Nos últimos 20 anos as tecnologias para geração de dados moleculares passaram por vários ciclos de renovação. A última onda de inovações tecnológicas representa uma verdadeira revolução e trouxe metodologias para identificar e genotipar marcadores SNP (do inglês Single Nucleotide Polimorphism) de maneira massal. Chips de DNA de alta densidade foram criados para genotipar de dezenas de milhares até centenas de milhares de marcadores SNP em um único ensaio. Além disso, outras tecnologias de média densidade permitem também a genotipagem de dezenas a centenas de marcadores, em números elevados de amostras, com altíssima velocidade e automação. Essas novas tecnologias permitiram a geração de novas aplicações, como as metodologias para avaliação genética e seleção com base no Valor Genômico (Genomic Estimated Breeding Value- GEBV). Os métodos estatísticos para avaliação e seleção genômica estão em pleno desenvolvimento, mas a tecnologia já se tornou uma realidade com o lançamento do primeiro sumário de touros para a raça Holandesa com GEBVs para características de produção e qualidade do leite em janeiro de 2009. Além disso, essas tecnologias também trouxeram novas opções para desenvolvimento de testes diagnósticos para confirmação de paternidade, identificação individual, rastreabilidade, etc. Além dessas inovações, as novas tecnologias de genotipagem de marcadores SNP facilitaram também o desenvolvimento de serviços terceirizados de geração de dados, permitindo que qualquer grupo realize pesquisas avançadas, sempre com as tecnologias mais avançadas, sem a necessidade de investimentos em equipamentos.<br>The first studies to identify, characterize and use molecular markers to characterize genetic resources and generate tools for animal breeding and management date from the end of the 80s. In the last 20 years the technologies to generate molecular data went through several innovation cycles. The last wave of technological innovations represents a true revolution, bringing methods to identify and genotype SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers in large scale. High density DNA chips were generated to genotype from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of SNPs in a single assay. Furthermore, other medium density technologies allow for the genotyping of tens to hundreds of makers, in high numbers of samples, with very high speed and automation. These new technologies allowed for the generation of new applications, such as the methods to genetically evaluate and select animals based on their Genomic Value (Genomic Estimated Breeding Value - GEBV). The statistical methods for genomic evaluation and selection are in full development, but the technology already became reality with the release of the first bull summary for the Holstein breed with GEBVs for milk production and quality traits in January 2009. In addition, these technologies brought new options for development of diagnostic tests for paternity testing, individual identification, traceability, etc. Also, these new technologies to genotype SNP markers facilitated the development of outsourcing companies to generate molecular data, allowing any group to conduct advanced experiments, always using the most advanced technologies, without the need of investments into equipment