2 research outputs found
Thermal insulation and clothing area factors of typical Arabian Gulf clothing ensembles for males and females: measurements using thermal manikins
The thermal insulation of clothing is one of the most important parameters used in the
thermal comfort model adopted by the International Standards Organisation (ISO) (ISO
7730, 2005) and by ASHRAE (ASHRAE-55, 2005). To date, thermal insulation values
of mainly Western clothing have been published with only minimal data being available
for non-Western clothing. Thus, the objective of the present study is to measure and
present the thermal insulation (clo) values of a number of Arabian Gulf garments as
worn by males and females. The clothing ensembles and garments of Arabian Gulf
males and females presented in this study are representative of those typically worn in
the region during both summer and winter seasons. Measurements of total thermal
insulation values (clo) were obtained using a male and a female shape thermal manikin
in accordance with the definition of insulation as given in ISO 9920. In addition, the
clothing area factors (Æ’cl) determined in two different ways were compared. The first
method used a photographic technique and the second a regression equation as
proposed in ISO 9920, based on the insulation values of Arabian Gulf male and female
garments and ensembles as they were determined in this study. In addition, fibre
content, descriptions and weights of Arabian Gulf clothing have been recorded and
tabulated in this study.
The findings of this study are presented as additions to the existing knowledge base of
clothing insulation, and provide for the first time data for Arabian Gulf clothing. The
analysis showed that for these non-Western clothing designs, the most widely-used
regression calculation of cl f is not valid. However, despite the very large errors in cl f
made with the regression method, the errors this causes in the intrinsic clothing
insulation value, cl I, are limited
Photoelectron spectroscopy of manganese-based Heusler alloys
Ultraviolet-photoemission spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the valence-band electronic structures of the magnetic alloys Co2MnSn, Cu2MnAl, and Pd2MnSn.The valence band of Co2MnSn extends to approximately 5 eV below the Fermi level with a high density of states immediately below the Fermi edge. Cu2MnAl and Pd2MnSn have valence-band widths of 6 and 7 eV, respectively, with the highest density of states lying some 3 eV below the Fermi level in each case. Photoemission measurements in the region of the Mn 3p threshold indicate that Mn 3d character extends across the full width of the valence band for all three alloys. For Pd2MnSn, additional photoemission measurements in the region of the Pd 4d Cooper minimum confirm this conclusion. Modulations in photocurrent resulting from Mn 3p-to-3d resonances across the valence band of Co2MnSn are most intense towards the bottom of the band. This is discussed in terms of possible variations in initial-state hybridization. The experimental photoemission spectra are compared with calculated spectra derived from theoretical band structures. Although there are some differences in shape, the bandwidths of the calculated spectra agree very well with the experimental results