Determination of the Real Exchange Rate of the Ruble and Assessment of Long-Run Policy of Real Exchange Rate Targeting

The equilibrium real exchange rate of the Russian ruble is estimated for the period from the early 1995 to the early 2008. According to the methodological approach proposed by Edwards (1988), the equilibrium real exchange rate is a function of a set of fundamental variables (a so-called "reduced form equation"). In order to estimate an equilibrium real exchange rate, a set of fundamentals was selected: terms of trade; productivity differential; fiscal policy variable. Estimation was performed in a co-integrated VAR framework using the Johansen co-integration test. The speed of adjustment of the actual real exchange rate to the equilibrium real exchange rate as well as the influence of monetary policy and private capital flows on the short-run dynamics of real exchange rate is explored.Equilibrium exchange rate, cointegrated var framework, real exchange rate misalignment, a half life

Carrier transport and screening in n-i-p-i crystals

The variation of the energy spectrum of n-i-p-i crystals under excitation was examined and the influence of the reduction of the screening length on the ratio between the coefficient of diffusion and the mobility of the current carriers was established. It is shown that the filling of subband states by carriers results in an anomalous behaviour of the diffusivity-mobility ratio. The effect occurs in the electric quantum limit and at room temperature as well

Calculation of energy characteristics for Si1-xGex-Si strucrures with single quantum wells

Energy characteristics of Si1–xGex–Si quantum-size structures with single quantum wells were calculated numerically based on a four-band k⋅p method. Analytical expressions for the Luttinger parameters are obtained as functions of the component composition of Si1–xGex compounds. Analytical expressions for the energy h−ω of optical band-to-band transitions are obtained in an effective mass approximation and agree well with numerical calculations by the k⋅p method. This allows one to determine accurately a range of changes while varying the component compositions and thickness of the active and barrier layers

Abnormal Character of the Diffusivity-mobility Ratio in Doping Superlattices

The influence of high level of doping in type n-i-p-i crystal structures on electron and hole state distributions is examined. Abnormal behaviour in the diffusivity- mobility ratio due to shortening of the density state tails under excitation of doping Superlattices is described

Production of broadband modal gain spectra in asymmetric multiple quantum-well Ga0.47In0.53As/Ga0.18In0.82As0.4P0.6 heterostructures

The modal gain spectra of asymmetric multiple quantum-well Ga0.47In0.53As/Ga0.18In0.82As0.4P0.6 hetero- structures are theoretically analysed within the framework of the four-band kp method. An efficient procedure for obtaining the broadband and almost êat gain spectrum is proposed. The designs of semiconductor radiation sources with different sets of nonuniformly excited quantum wells producing broadband amplification in spectral ranges from 1.28 to 1.525 \mu m and from 1.36 to 1.6 \mu m are calculated

Nonlinear gain and bistability in photonic crystal heterostructures with compositional and doping superlattices

Optical properties of photonic crystal heterostructures with embedded n–i–p–i superlattices are studied. Nonlinear behavior of the transmission and reflection spectra near the defect mode is investigated. Self-consistent calculations of the output performance characteristics are performed using the transfer-matrix method and taking into account the gain saturation. Features and characteristic parameters of the nonlinear gain in active n–i–p–i layers are determined. Detail analysis of the gain saturation and accompanying nonlinear refraction effects is carried out for one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure amplifiers in the GaAs–GaInP system having at the central part an active “defect” from the doubled GaAs n-i-p-i crystal. The gain saturation in the active layers in the vicinity of the defect changes the index contrast of the photonic structure and makes worse the emission at the defect mode. Spectral bistability effect which can be exhibited in photonic crystal heterostructure amplifiers is predicted and the hysteresis loop and other attending phenomena are described. The bistability behavior and modulation response efficiency demonstrate the potential possibilities of the photonic crystal heterostructures with n-i-p-i layers as high-speed optical amplifiers and switches

Nonlinearities in the reflection and transmission spectra of the photonic bandgap heterostructures with n–i–p–i crystals

Nonlinear optical properties of photonic crystal heterostructures with embedded n–i–p–i superlattices are investigated. Self-consistent calculations of the transmission and reflection spectra near the defect mode are performed using the transfer-matrix method and taking into account the gain saturation. Analysis of features and output characteristics is carried out for one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure amplifiers in the GaAs–GaInP system having at the central part an active “defect” from doubled GaAs n–i–p–i crystal layers. The gain saturation in the active layers in the vicinity of the defect changes the index contrast of the photonic structure and makes worse the emission at the defect mode. Spectral bistability effect, which can be exhibited in photonic crystal heterostructure amplifiers, is predicted and the hysteresis loop and other attending phenomena are described. The bistability behavior and modulation response efficiency demonstrate the potential possibilities of the photonic crystal heterostructures with n–i–p–i layers as high-speed optical amplifiers and switches

Optoelectronic properties and characteristics of doping superlattices

Optical and electric properties of doping superlattices, or n-i-p-i crystals, can be varied in a wide range under excitation and through the choice of the thicknesses and doping of the crystal layers. Some basic results concerned the transformation of the electron energy spectrum of doping superlattices are summarized. Parameters and characteristics of doping superlattices related to optoelectronics devices, such as photodetectors, laser diodes, and optical modulators, are presented

Nonlinear optical processes in doped semiconductor superlattices

For doped semiconductor superlattices we have analyzed the effects of absorption saturation and change in the refractive index depending on the level of their excitation and structure parameters. The calculations were carried out with account for the tails of the density of states and screening of the electrostatic potential. It is shown that doped superlattices may display "shading," i.e., the increase in the absorption coefficient at a fixed frequency with increase in light intensity. For δ-doped superlattices a stronger nonmonotonicity of the change in the refractive index with increase in the excitation level in comparison with typical structures can manifest itself