Пневмомедиастинум на фоне коронавирусной пневмонии. Клинические наблюдения

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare complication of viral pneumonia. The prevalence of pneumomediastinum among coronavirus infection patients is unknown.Subjects and methods. Three cases of spontaneous pneumomediastinum among the COVID-19 pneumonia patients were analyzed. The researchers investigated and compared clinical, radiological and laboratory data.Results. According to the research results, no correlation was found between the development of pneumomediastinum and changes in values of blood laboratory tests. As well as there were no signs of correlation between drug treatment and pneumomediastinum frequency.Conclusion: The researchers suggest that the leading cause of spontaneous pneumomediastinum is viral pneumonia-associated severe alveolar damage.Cпонтанный пневмомедиастинум – редкое осложнение вирусной пневмонии. Распространенность пневмомедиастинума среди пациентов с новой коронавирусной инфекцией неизвестна.Материалы и методы. Проанализированы три случая развития пневмомедиастинума у пациентов на фоне коронавирусной пневмонии. Проведены анализ и сопоставление клинических, рентгенологических, лабораторных данных.Результаты. Взаимосвязи между появлением пневмомедиастинума и изменениями лабораторных показателей крови, рекомендованных для оценки тяжести коронавирусной инфекции, а также взаимосвязи между медикаментозной терапией и частотой возникновения данного осложнения не выявлено.Вывод. Ведущей причиной спонтанного пневмомедиастинума, по-видимому, является тяжелое диффузное альвеолярное повреждение на фоне вирусной пневмонии

MAGNETIC RESONANCE TOMOGRAPHY OF SPINE AFTER DISKECTOMY

The author lists then possible immediate and remote complications after diskectomy and describes clinical presentations and methods of diagnostics at this pathology. Detailed MR-imaging of spine in 6 months after operation is presented

ALGORITHM OF DIAGNOSTICS AND SURGERY OF TRAUMA AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF CERVICAL SPINE

A retrospective analysis of diagnostics and surgery in 240 patients was made. The vertebral spinal trauma took place in 168 patients (average age 31±5 years), degenerative dystrophic diseases of spine were in 72 patients (average age 52±7 years). The clinicodiagnostic complex included survey and functional radiography of the spine, magnetic resonance image and helical computer tomography of the spine with spondylometric measurements and color duplex scanning of the vertebral artery. Stabilization of the spine was performed in 137 (57%) cases. The variants were determined on the basis of predominate injury of 1 out of 3 supporting complexes. The rigid and dynamic methods and their combination were used for fixation of the spine. More favorable results were registered using dynamic fixation and the arthroplasty of intervertebral disks with nitinol constructions. An algorithm of radiodiagnostics and surgery methods were proposed

VALUE OF ANATOMICAL INTRACRANIAL RESERVE IN SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INJURIES AND DISEASES OF THE BRAIN

The authors proposed to evaluate the quantity of anatomical intracranial reserve according to morphometric measurements in axial projection by means of helical computer tomography data of bitemporal distance, width of the tentorial opening, diameter of the foramen magnum and mutual correlation of these parameters in points. This method showed a high accuracy (92%) and predictive value (85%) in determination of terms and volume of complex treatment of 140 victims with craniocerebral injury, 120 patients with primary tumors of the brain and 110 patients with acute disorder of cerebral circulation

CHANGES FACETS JOINTS IN TRAUMA AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE LUMBAR SPINE

Produced spondilometric measurements of the lumbosacral spine is normal (20 cases) and in patients with spinal cord injury and degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the spine (43 cases). The width of the facet joint space joints on both sides, its relation to the longitudinal axis of the body in degrees and another on the same level were studied. The width of the facet joint space at the lumbosacral level of 3.5–4.0 mm, the area of the intervertebral foramen varies from 96–132 mm2. Among the changes in the parameters of the vertebral-motor segment can distinguish moderate, marked and significant extent that is important in determining the amount of the alleged operation

SURGICAL CORRECTION OF CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCE OF THE VERTEBRAL ARTERY IN TRAUMA AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

The article presents the results of examination and surgery of 185 patients with degenerative diseases as well as with a cervical spine trauma. The circulatory disturbance of the vertebral artery took place in all patients. A different degree of changes was observed in color duplex scanning. There were minor circulatory disturbances, course deformations (angular, C, S,Vshaped twists) and dissection of the vertebral artery. Color duplex scanning allowed estimating of local and system hemodynamic significance of extravasal influences. The strategy of treatment and volume of surgical interference were defined by the degree of circulatory disturbance in the vertebral artery

RATIO OF SURGICAL CORRECTION SPINAL CANAL WITH INJURIES AND DEGENERATIVE SPINE DISEASES

Ratio of surgical correction spinal canal during injury and illness was suggested. At SCT and MRI in the sagittal projection of the measured diameter of the cross-section of the spinal canal at the site of maximum narrowing (d2), in the overlying (d1) and underlying (d3) levels, we calculated the coefficient of stenosis (Kst): Kst = 1 – 2d22: (d12 + d32). After surgery, surgical correction factor was determined (KK): KK = 1 – Kst2: Kst1, where Kst1 – coefficient of stenosis before surgery, Kst2 – after the operation. Surgical correction was considered unsatisfactory by KK < 0,4

ТАКТИКА ЗАПРОГРАММИРОВАННОГО МНОГОЭТАПНОГО ХИРУРГИЧЕСКОГО ЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕЙРОТРАВМЫ

A retrospective analysis of diagnostics and surgical treatment was made in 440 patients with polytrauma, who were on the treatment in hospitals in Saint-Petersburg, Syktyvkar and Omsk during 2009–2012. The neurotrauma was the dominating damage. The patients were divided into two groups: the main and the control group, using the equal quantitative ratio according to the sex, age, circumstances of trauma and type of damages. The strategy of programmed multistage surgical treatment («damage control surgery») was used in the main group (220 patients, average age 31,7±5,2 years). The traditional strategy of treatment was applied in the control group (220 patients, average age 30,7±5,4 years). The damage control surgery allows the reduction of lethality in neurotrauma by 15,0% and improvement of social adaptation of patients by 12,7%

Diagnostics and surgical treatment of vertebral osteoporosis

The retrospective analysis of clinical and radiological diagnostics of 76 patients with vertebral osteoporosis among which women prevailed (82.9%) is carried out. The average age was 57,7 ± 5,3 years. The complex diagnostics consists of the survey x-ray,the x-ray absorptiometry, the quantitative computed tomography, spiral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging procedure. The quantitative computed tomography is characterized by the highest diagnostic information value (sensitivity - 99.4%, specificity - 99.5% and the accuracy - 99.3%). Surgical treatment consisted in rigid (7.9%) and dynamic (10.5%) vertebral fixation and puncture vertebroplasty (81.6%), which was consist in a dereception of underlying facet joints with introduction into it the solution consisting in equal quantities of local anesthetic and alcohol 70° (1.5-2.0 ml). The optimized technique of vertebroplasty with an additional dereception of facet joints allows to increase the level of social rehabilitation of patients by 10.2% with full regress of a pain syndrome

DIAGNOSTICS AND LONG-TERM OUTCOMES AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY IN CHILDREN WITH STRUCTURAL BRAIN CHANGES

Objective. To identify predictive factors of favourable outcomes in children with drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) associated with structural brain changes,  who received surgical treatment.  Methods. We performed  a retrospective  analysis of surgical treatment in 239 children with drug resistant epilepsy treated at the Pediatric Neurosurgery Department of the A. L. Polenov Russian Neurosurgical Institute from 2004 to 2014. The age of the patients varied between  2 and 18 years. The follow-up time ranged from 1 year to 10 years (on average 4.3 years). Results. According to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 223 (93.3%) patients had different structural brain changes. Among the patients, 47 (21.1%) had cerebral cicatrix, gliosis, cysts  and atrophic changes, 33 (14.8%) had malformations of the cortical development, 43 (19.3%) had benign brain tumors,  47 (21.1%)  had vascular malformations,  21 (9.4%)  had arachnoid cysts,  12 (5.4%)  had hippocampal sclerosis,  11  (4.9%)  had  phacomatosis, 5  (2.2%)  had  Rasmussen’s encephalitis,  and  4  (1.8%)  had  hypothalamic hamartoma.  Positron  emission  tomography  revealed the  areas of gray matter  hypometabolism in the  brain, which correspond to the areas of a metabolic deficiency around the epileptic focus. Favorable long-term outcomes of epilepsy surgery (class I according to Engel scale) were registered in 67.6% of the cases.  The most  favorable results (class I according to Engel scale) were achieved after lesionectomy (81.9%), temporal resections (78.4%), and hemispherectomy (72.7%).Conclusions. The most important predictive factors of favorable outcomes after epilepsy surgery are as follows: detection of epileptogenic morphological changes of the brain, completeness of resection of an epileptic and epileptogenic areas, and absense  of seizures in the early postoperative period