Water-saving Rice Production Technologies in Krishna Western Delta Command of Andhra Pradesh – An Economic Analysis

The economic analysis of water-saving rice production technologies, viz. system of rice intensification (SRI), semi-dry and rotational irrigation vis-à-vis farmers’ practice has been carried out based on the study executed in Modukuru pilot area of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Among the three water-saving rice production technologies analyzed, the total cost of cultivation has been recorded highest in SRI (Rs 58645/ha), followed by rotational (Rs 47140/ha) and semi-dry (Rs 39321/ha). But, the per hectare yield has been found highest in SRI (6.85 t), followed by semi-dry (6.66 t) and rotational (6.2 t), inferring that all the three technologies have recorded higher yields over farmers’ practice of 5.5 t/ha. However, the net returns and B-C ratio are maximum in semi-dry (Rs 43,484/ha; 1.11), followed by rotational (Rs 30,085; 0.64) and SRI (Rs 26,466/ha; 0.45) methods. Similarly, the water-use efficiency has been found highest in SRI (8.53 kg/ ha-mm), followed by semi-dry (8.02 kg/ha-mm) and rotational (7.33 kg/ ha-mm) methods, while the water-use efficiency benefit (Rs/ha-mm) has been recorded maximum in semi-dry (52.39), followed by SRI (42.08) and rotational (35.56) methods. With the initiation of Andhra Pradesh Water Management Project, Bapatla, the area under semi-dry rice cultivation has been found increasing over a period of four years, from 0.6 ha in 2004-2005 to 22 ha in 2007 -2008.Agricultural and Food Policy,

Effect of Triethanolamine and Benzaldehyde on the Storage Stability of Polystyrene- Ammonium Perchlorate Propellant

The effect of triethanolamine and benzaldehyde on the stability of polystyrene has been studied by dynamic thermogravimetry (TG). Slower decomposition of polymer in the presence of these compounds indicates their inhibiting ability on the oxidation of the polymer. The burning rate measurements of polystyrene (PS)/ammonium perchlorate (AP) propellants at ambient temperature and pressure shows an increase with the storage time. The percentage change in the burning rate of the propellants containing aldehyde and amine is less during the ageing which indicates the increased stability of the propellants. The safe-life time of the propellants for the ballistic stability has been calculated from the activation energy for the ageing process using an Arrhenius type equation. The safe-life of the propellants containing triethanolamine and benzaldehyde is more than the neat propellant

A MODIFIED C-DUMP CONVERTER FOR PMSM MACHINE USED IN A FLYWHEEL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM

This paper presents a modified C-dump converter for permanent magnetic synchronous (PMSM) machine used in the flywheel energy storage system. The converter can realize the energy bidirectional flowing and has the capability to recover the energy extracted from the turnoff phase of the PMSM machine. The principle of operation, modeling, and control strategy of the system has been investigated in the paper. Simulation and experimental results of the proposed system are also presented and discussed

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD AND RP-HPLC METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF CAPECITABINE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

Objective: The objective of the present work is to develop and validate a novel, specific, precise and reliable method for estimation of Capecitabine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form using UV-visible spectroscopy and RP-HPLC method. Methods: UV-visible spectrophotometric determination was performed with Elico double beam SL 210 UV-visible spectrophotometer having deuterium lamp at λmax 304 nm using water as a medium. Linearity was noted over a concentration range of 2-20 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. HPLC analysis was performed using Eclipse XDB C18 column with 5 µm particle size having dimensions 4.6 X 250 mm column, Agilent 1260 infinity DAD detector, 1260 infinity quaternary pump using Ezchrome software at a flow rate of 1 ml/min and a run time pressure of 2140 psi. Methanol: acetonitrile: water in the ratio 30: 30: 40 was used as mobile phase and the effluents were analyzed at 304 nm. Both the proposed methods were validated for various parameters like linearity, precision, accuracy, robustness, ruggedness, selectivity, detection, quantification limits, formulation analysis as per International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Results: Linearity for UV and HPLC method was noted over a concentration range of 2-100 µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The retention time was considered to be 4.60 min. The % RSD for interday and intraday precision studies and recovery analysis of both UV and HPLC methods was found to be less than 1% which is less than the official RSD limit (2%). Recovery analysis performed using marketed formulation capeguard was considered to be greater than 99% for both the methods. Conclusion: Both the methods developed were validated according to the ICH guidelines. Hence it was evident that the developed methods were novel, sensitive, precise and reliable for estimation of Capecitabine in bulk and were successfully applied for estimation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Keywords: Capecitabine, UV-visible spectroscopic method, HPLC method, Validatio