A Review on Plant-Derived Immunomodulatory Agents: Hopes as an Alternative Medicine in the Management of Immune-Related Disorders

In humans, the immune system serves as a protective barrier against infection; however, when the immune system is out of balance, it can harm the host. Immunomodulators are chemicals or medications that have been employed in the clinic to treat an unbalanced immune response. The majority of immunological medicines in clinical use are cytotoxic. They harm the patient's quality of life by causing various side effects and being associated with higher production costs, longer lead times, and a high failure rate. Furthermore, obtaining single-compound chemicals with low toxicity, high efficacy, and selectivity for specified disorders is difficult for researchers. As a result, techniques based on alternative medicine are gaining traction in drug development, focusing on innovative natural compounds utilized to treat various disorders. Many plant molecules founded to have biologically beneficial properties. This review aimed to look at the immunomodulatory activity of plant-derived chemicals from widely used plants that treat a range of diseases worldwide

Influence of Boron on the Hardenability of Unalloyed and Low Alloyed Steel

Abstract Boron exerts a large influence on mechanical properties of steel through microstructural control. It increases the hardenability of steel by retard ing the heterogeneous nucleation of ferrite at the austenite grain surfaces and the decomposition kinetics of austenite to ferrite t ransformat ion are governed by its location and chemical state. To understand the effect of boron (~ 25 pp m) on microstructural evolution and change in continuous cooling transformat ion (CCT) diagram , a systematic study has been carried out using Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator in unalloyed (C: 0.05 wt%; Mn : 0.2 wt%) and low alloyed (C: 0.2 wt%; Mn : 1.2 wt%: Cr: 0.15 wt%) steels. CCT diagrams, plotted for the onset and end of pearlit ic, bainitic and martensitic reactions, consisted essentially of two C-curves and a remarkable d ifference was observed on comparing the results for both steels. It is interesting to note that bainite and martensite are co mpletely absent even at higher cooling rate o f 70°C/sec in the unalloyed steel with boron addition. In contrast, the addition of boron was observed to promote significant bainite format ion even at a slower cooling rate of only 20°C/sec in the low alloyed steel. These contradicting effects on hardenability can be explained by the effect of boron in shifting only the upper C curve to the right for reconstructive transformation