50 research outputs found
Gender differences in the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid system of pre-school children
Relevance Investigation of the cerebrospinal fluid system of children of different ages, especially pre-school and school periods of childhood, becomes essential, since the further development of the brain and its proper functioning depends on the way it functions. Considering the MRI indications of the elements of the cerebrospinal fluid system of children is important for the development of neurology and neurosurgery, it is necessary to consider gender differences in the brain size and structure.Objective To study the sex differences in the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid system in seven-year-old children.Material and Methods For the study, archival data on the sizes of the lateral ventricles of the brain of 120 children aged 7 (60 boys and 60 girls) were involved, in particular: 1) the length of the anterior horn; 2) the width of the anterior horn; 3) the length of the central part; 4) the width of the central part; 5) the length of the posterior horn; 6) the width of the posterior horn; 7) the length of the lower horn; 8) the anteroposterior size; 9) the distance between the anterior horns; 10) the distance between the posterior horns; 11) the length of the third ventricle; 12) the height of the third ventricle; 13) the length of the aqueduct; 14) the length of the fourth ventricle; 15) the height of the fourth ventricle. The studies were carried out using the method of magnetic resonance imaging. Quantitative indicators were assessed for compliance with the normal distribution using the KolmogorovSmirnov test. The accumulation, correction, systematization of the initial information were carried out in Microsoft Excel 2016. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 software (StatSoft Inc., USA). The results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05.Results The data obtained in the study of the cerebrospinal fluid system in children during their pre-school period of childhood are indicators of the norm and can be used for diagnostic studies in the departments of radiation diagnostics. The bilateral asymmetry of the lateral ventricles of the brain in pre-school children, discovered during the work, is of crucial clinical significance. The morphometric indicators of the elements of the cerebrospinal fluid system should be considered by specialists in the study of brain neuroplasticity.Conclusion Analysis of the obtained in vivo encephalometric data indicates the presence of sexual variability of the brain and parameters of the structures of the cerebrospinal fluid
A novel technique for quantifying changes in vascular density, endothelial cell proliferation and protein expression in response to modulators of angiogenesis using the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay
Reliable quantitative evaluation of molecular pathways is critical for both drug discovery and treatment monitoring. We have modified the CAM assay to quantitatively measure vascular density, endothelial proliferation, and changes in protein expression in response to anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic agents. This improved CAM assay can correlate changes in vascular density with changes seen on a molecular level. We expect that these described modifications will result in a single in vivo assay system, which will improve the ability to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying the angiogenic response
Evolutionary patterns of two major reproduction candidate genes (Zp2 and Zp3) reveal no contribution to reproductive isolation between bovine species
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>It has been established that mammalian egg zona pellucida (ZP) glycoproteins are responsible for species-restricted binding of sperm to unfertilized eggs, inducing the sperm acrosome reaction, and preventing polyspermy. In mammals, ZP apparently represents a barrier to heterospecific fertilization and thus probably contributes to reproductive isolation between species. The evolutionary relationships between some members of the tribe Bovini are complex and highly debatable, particularly, those involving <it>Bos </it>and <it>Bison </it>species for which interspecific hybridization is extensively documented. Because reproductive isolation is known to be a major precursor of species divergence, testing evolutionary patterns of ZP glycoproteins may shed some light into the speciation process of these species. To this end, we have examined intraspecific and interspecific genetic variation of two ZP genes (<it>Zp2 </it>and <it>Zp3</it>) for seven representative species (111 individuals) from the Bovini tribe, including five species from <it>Bos </it>and <it>Bison</it>, and two species each from genera <it>Bubalus </it>and <it>Syncerus</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A pattern of low levels of intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence was detected for the two sequenced fragments each for <it>Zp2 </it>and <it>Zp3</it>. At intraspecific level, none of neutrality tests detected deviations from neutral equilibrium expectations for the two genes. Several haplotypes in both genes were shared by multiple species from <it>Bos </it>and <it>Bison</it>.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Here we argue that neither ancestral polymorphism nor introgressive hybridization alone can fully account for haplotype sharing among species from <it>Bos </it>and <it>Bison</it>, and that both scenarios have contributed to such a pattern of haplotype sharing observed here. Additionally, codon-based tests revealed strong evidence for purifying selection in the <it>Zp3 </it>coding haplotype sequences and weak evidence for purifying selection in the <it>Zp2 </it>coding haplotype sequences. Contrary to a general genetic pattern that genes or genomic regions contributing to reproductive isolation between species often evolve rapidly and show little or no gene flow between species, these results demonstrate that, particularly, those sequenced exons of the <it>Zp2 </it>and the <it>Zp3 </it>did not show any contribution to reproductive isolation between the bovine species studied here.</p
The State Economic Development Plan of the USSR For 1966
The Council of Ministers of the USSR is submitting for the consideration of the Supreme Soviet the draft state economic development plan of the USSR for 1966.
Tasks of Economic Planning in the New Conditions
The implementation of the resolution adopted by the September Plenary Meeting of the CPSU Central Committee on improving industrial management, perfecting planning, and strengthening the economic stimulation of industrial production will be of immense significance. The measures mapped out by the party are in conformity with the requirements of the present stage in the development of the country's productive forces. They will permit more complete use of the advantages offered by the socialist system of economy, and they will promote the acceleration of technical progress and the rate of our country's economic development, the improvement of output quality, the efficiency of social production, and a further rise of the people's living standards.
Interpretative synergy of starphotometry and lidar measurements at two High-Arctic stations during Polar Winter of 2010-11.
Preliminary Analysis of Nightâtime Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals at a Rural, Nearâurban Site in Southern Canada
Temporal and spectral cloud screening of polar winter aerosol optical depth (AOD): impact of homogeneous and inhomogeneous clouds and crystal layers on climatological-scale AODs
We compared star-photometry-derived, polar winter aerosol optical depths
(AODs), acquired at Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, and Ny-Ă
lesund, Svalbard,
with GEOS-Chem (GC) simulations as well as ground-based lidar and
CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization)
retrievals over a sampling period of two polar winters. The results indicate
significant cloud and/or low-altitude ice crystal (LIC) contamination which
is only partially corrected using temporal cloud screening. Spatially
homogeneous clouds and LICs that remain after temporal cloud screening
represent an inevitable systematic error in the estimation of AOD: this
error was estimated to vary from 78 to 210âŻ% at Eureka and from 2
to 157âŻ% at Ny-Ă
lesund. Lidar analysis indicated that LICs appeared to
have a disproportionately large influence on the homogeneous coarse-mode
optical depths that escape temporal cloud screening. In principle, spectral
cloud screening (to yield fine-mode or submicron AODs) reduces
pre-cloud-screened AODs to the aerosol contribution if one assumes that
coarse-mode (super-micron) aerosols are a minor part of the AOD. Large, low-frequency differences between these retrieved values and their GC analogue
appeared to be often linked to strong, spatially extensive planetary
boundary layer events whose presence at either site was inferred from CALIOP
profiles. These events were either not captured or significantly
underestimated by the GC simulations. High-frequency AOD variations of GC
fine-mode aerosols at Ny-Ă
lesund were attributed to sea salt, while low-frequency GC variations at Eureka and Ny-Ă
lesund were attributable to
sulfates. CALIOP profiles and AODs were invaluable as spatial and temporal
redundancy support (or, alternatively, as insightful points of contention)
for star photometry retrievals and GC estimates of AOD