Protein-acrylate graft co-polymers leather finishing

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For Our Information, December 1956, Vol. IX, no. 5

An official publication of the ILR School, Cornell University, “for the information of all faculty, staff and students.

Approaches to Energy Efficiency in Air conditioning: Innovative processes and thermodynamics

Air conditioning in buildings has transformed our human lives greatly with work efficiency in commercial buildings and improved lifestyle in all weather. However, these improvements are accompanied with the negative effects from the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), both directly via refrigerant emissions and indirectly through electricity generation by the burning of fossil fuels. Although there were significant improvements in the efficacy of chillers since 2000, the kW/Ron of chillers for cooling for electrically driven DCS have reached an asymptotic level of 0.85±0.03 kW/Rton for the tropics and a 20% higher for the hot and dry arid climate. The levelling-off phenomenon of chillers' energy efficiency is attributed the improvements limits exploited from the efficacy of compressor and refrigerant technologies. Thus, an out-of-box solution, such as the decoupling of latent to sensible cooling in the dehumidification cum the indirect evaporative coolers (DH-IEC) to improve energy efficiency, It is projected that a quantum jump of 0.5 kWh/m3 or less is urgently needed for future sustainable cooling. In this paper, we adopted a top-down approach in evaluating the upper-bound energy savings of an economy if one were to employ the innovative DH-IEC cycle is assumed to be applied to the Singapore city state is highlighted with respect to the savings in the primary energy, emission of CO2 and the water savings of up to 40 % can be potentially achieved

Essential Constraints of Edge-Constrained Proximity Graphs

Given a plane forest $F = (V, E)$ of $|V| = n$ points, we find the minimum set $S \subseteq E$ of edges such that the edge-constrained minimum spanning tree over the set $V$ of vertices and the set $S$ of constraints contains $F$. We present an $O(n \log n )$-time algorithm that solves this problem. We generalize this to other proximity graphs in the constraint setting, such as the relative neighbourhood graph, Gabriel graph, $\beta$-skeleton and Delaunay triangulation. We present an algorithm that identifies the minimum set $S\subseteq E$ of edges of a given plane graph $I=(V,E)$ such that $I \subseteq CG_\beta(V, S)$ for $1 \leq \beta \leq 2$, where $CG_\beta(V, S)$ is the constraint $\beta$-skeleton over the set $V$ of vertices and the set $S$ of constraints. The running time of our algorithm is $O(n)$, provided that the constrained Delaunay triangulation of $I$ is given.Comment: 24 pages, 22 figures. A preliminary version of this paper appeared in the Proceedings of 27th International Workshop, IWOCA 2016, Helsinki, Finland. It was published by Springer in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) serie

Efecto de un bioestimulante comercial sobre plántulas de caña de azúcar en casa de cultivo

Plant growth regulators promote growth and development in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) seedling in field. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect on different cultivars avoiding unnecessary expenses. The aims of this work was to determine the effect of a commercial biostimulant on the growth of seedlings of two sugarcane cultivars in greenhouse. The experiment was a randomized complete block design, in factorial scheme (2 x 6), with 12 treatments, two commercial cultivars (CTC 04 and CTC 9002) and six biostimulant concentrations, distributed in four randomized blocks. After 30 days of planting, the biostimulant was applied directed to the two open leaves of the plant. The commercial biostimulant Stimulate® (cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellin) was used. The treatments were control (without application), 0.5 ml l-1, 1 ml l-1, 2 ml l-1, 4 ml l-1, 8 ml l-1 of commercial product. The variables evaluated were plant height (cm), number of internodes, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of shoot and root (g). The results demonstrated that at this level is possible to early detect some effect of the biostimulant Stimulate® on sugarcane plant growth. The variables as number of internodes, plant height and stem diameter decreased with high biostimulant concentration tested. It demonstrated the inhibitory effect or growth retardation of the vegetative part. However, biostimulant promoted the root growth with increment on fresh and dry root mass. The results in greenhouse point up the bases for doses adjustment, cost reduction and technical assistant to the farmers. It is recommended that further studies to ensure positive recommendation results in field.Los reguladores del crecimiento de las plantas promueven el crecimiento y el desarrollo de las plántulas de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) en el campo. Por lo tanto, es esencial evaluar el efecto en diferentes cultivares y evitar gastos innecesarios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de un bioestimulante comercial en el crecimiento de plántulas de dos cultivares de caña de azúcar en invernadero. El experimento tuvo un diseño de bloques completos al azar, en esquema factorial (2 x 6), con 12 tratamientos, dos cultivares comerciales (CTC 04 y CTC 9002) y seis concentraciones de bioestimulantes, distribuidas en cuatro bloques aleatorios. Después de 30 días de plantación, se aplicó el bioestimulante dirigido a las dos hojas abiertas de la planta. Se usó el bioestimulante comercial Stimulate® (citoquinina, auxina y giberelina). Los tratamientos fueron control (sin aplicación), 0,5 ml l-1, 1 ml l-1, 2 ml l-1, 4 ml l-1, 8 ml l-1 de producto comercial. Las variables evaluadas fueron altura de la planta (cm), número de entrenudos, diámetro del tallo, masa fresca y seca del brote y raíz (g). Los resultados demostraron que a este nivel es posible detectar temprano algún efecto del bioestimulante Stimulate® sobre el crecimiento de las plantas de caña de azúcar. Las variables como el número de entrenudos, la altura de la planta y el diámetro del tallo disminuyeron con el incremento de las concentraciones de bioestimulante probadas. Ello demuestra el efecto inhibidor, o el retardo del crecimiento de la parte vegetativa. Sin embargo, el bioestimulante promovió el crecimiento de la raíz con un incremento en la masa fresca y seca de la raíz. Los resultados en invernadero sientan las bases para el ajuste de dosis, la reducción de costos y la asistencia técnica al agricultor. Se recomienda realizar más estudios para garantizar resultados de recomendación positivos en el campo

Anthesis and Booting: Two Critical Stages Vulnerable to Water Stress in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) With Respect to Yield Production

Six spring bread wheat varieties (AAS-11, BARS-09, Dharabi-11, Faisalabad-08, Chakwal-50 and Fatehjang-2016) and 4 elite lines of wheat (10FJ01, 12FJ26, 12FJ01 and 11FJS309) were analyzed with respect to water stress by providing them two types of treatments i.e., control (no stress) and strained treatment (20 days of stoppage of irrigation at booting and further 20 days of drought after anthesis) at Barani Agricultural Research Station, Fatehjang during 2017-18. Results of this study exhibited highly significant variations prevailed in all the wheat genotypes by viewing their mean performance with respect of all physiological and yield traits. AAS-11, Fatehjang-2016 and Dharabi-11 exhibited their best performance and pointed out elevated mean productivity (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), relative water content (RWC) and geometric mean productivity (GMP). Moreover, stress susceptibility index (SSI) and tolerance (TOL) was anticipated at lowest among the above-mentioned wheat varieties and lines. Based multivariate analysis (biplot) and dendrogram studies; AAS-11, Fatehjang-2016 and Dharabi-11 are most suitable wheat cultivars for drought tolerance at booting and anthesis stage. MP, STI, RWC, GMP, SSI and TOL are renowned to be favourable gauges for identification of drought tolerance wheat ideotype. Likewise, same wheat varieties also exhibited higher grain yield per plant that put them in higher ranked genotypes for making selections and recombination while improving wheat through breeding for drought resistant

Amorpha fruticosa invasibility of different habitats in lower Danube

Abstract. Danube River plays a role of major corridor for plant invasions. Downstream is expected to be more strongly affected by such invasions. There were scarce data about alien plants dispersion by habitats in Bulgarian part of Danube. Sampling sites were selected on the river banks and on several islands and Amorpha fruticosa cover together with number of alien plants were sampled. Four habitat types were recognized. Most affected by indigo bush were poplar plantations while natural forests due to their closed structure and biodiversity remain less influenced