Hybrid Sine-Cosine Black Widow Spider Optimization based Route Selection Protocol for Multihop Communication in IoT Assisted WSN

In the modern era, Internet of Things (IoT) has been a popular research topic and it focuses on interconnecting numerous sensor-based devices primarily for tracking applications and collecting data. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) becomes a significant element in IoT platforms since its inception and turns out to be the most ideal platform for deploying various smart city application zones namely disaster management, home automation, intelligent transportation, smart buildings, and other IoT-enabled applications. Clustering techniques were commonly used energy-efficient methods with the main purpose that is to balance the energy between Sensor Nodes (SN). Routing and clustering are Non-Polynomial (NP) hard issues where bio-inspired approaches were used for a known time to solve these issues. This study introduces a Hybrid Sine-Cosine Black Widow Spider Optimization based Route Selection Protocol (HSBWSO-RSP) for Mulithop Communication in IoT assisted WSN. The presented HSBWSO-RSP technique aims to properly determine the routes to destination for multihop communication. Moreover, the HSBWSO-RSP approach enables the integration of variance perturbation mechanism into the traditional BWSO algorithm. Furthermore, the selection of routes takes place by a fitness function comprising Residual Energy (RE) and distance (DIST). The experimental result analysis of the HSBWSO-RSP technique is tested using a series of experimentations and the results are studied under different measures. The proposed methodology achieves 100% packet delivery ratio, no packet loss and 2.33 secs end to end delay. The comparison study revealed the betterment of the HSBWSO-RSP technique over existing routing techniques

Convolutional Neural Networks for Medical Image Diagnosis and Prognosis

One of the most incredible machine learning methods is deep learning. Utilised for picture categorization, clinical archiving, item identification, and other purposes. The quantity of medical image archives is expanding at an alarming rate as hospitals employ digital photos for documentation more frequently. Digital imaging is essential for assessing the severity of a patient's illness. Medical imaging has a wide variety of uses in research and diagnostics. Due to recent developments in image processing technology, self-operating identification of medical photos is still a research area for computer vision researchers. We require an appropriate classifier in order to categorise medical photos using various classifiers. After organ prediction and classification, the research was modified to include medical picture recognition. For medical picture detection, pretrained convolutional networks and Kmean clustering techniques similar to those used for organ identification are employed. Separating the training from the test data allowed for the data's authentication. The application of this strategy has been proven to be most effective for categorising various medical images of human organs

Novel Selective Mapping with Oppositional Hosted Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm for PAPR Reduction in 5G UFMC Systems

In recent times, there is a continuous requirement of achieving high data rates owing to an increase in the number of devices and significant demand for various services with maximum reliability and minimum delay. It results in the development of fifth generation (5G) to offer better services with enhanced data rate. Recently, a major alternative to OFDM technology for 5G networks called universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC) is presented where every individual sub-band is filtered that reduces the OOB radiation and eliminates guard band. But high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a crucial issue which arises from the utilization of several subcarriers to generate the time domain transmission signal. For resolving this issue, this paper presents a novel selective mapping with oppositional hosted cuckoo optimization (SM-OHOCO) algorithm for PAPR reduction in 5G UFMC systems. In the SM-OHOCO algorithm, rather than the generation of several random phase sequences, SM-OHOCO algorithm is performed iteratively to attain a better solution with few searching rounds, showing the novelty of the work. As the optimization of phase sequence in the SLM technique is considered as an NP hard optimization problem, the OHOCO algorithm is applied, which is derived by incorporating the concepts of the HOCO algorithm with oppositional based learning (OBL) strategy. To validate the effective performance of the proposed SM-OHOCO algorithm, an extensive experimental analysis is performed to highlight the improved performance in 5G networks. The resultant values pointed out the superior outcome of the proposed SM-OHOCO algorithm over the other existing methods in terms of distinct measure

An open labelled, randomised, prospective study comparing the efficacy and safety of doxofylline with theophylline in COPD patients

BACKGROUND: Chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) is an important public health problem which is preventable as well as treatable. It is one of the major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. There is a need to address the well known safety issues in using theophylline. We need a better drug with greater efficacy and safety profile to treat COPD. Therefore, the present study is designed to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of oral theophylline and doxofylline in patients with Grade1-2 COPD (Based on GOLD Criteria) attending the outpatient department of Chest Medicine in Tirunelveli Medical College Hospital. METHODS: A total of 60 patients were enrolled for the study and were randomized to two groups of 30 patients with one group receiving Theophylline and the other, Doxofylline in addition to standard therapy, for a period of 12 weeks. Each patient was followed up at 6 weeks and 12 weeks for the assessment of efficacy parameters using a pulmonary function test (PFT), COPD Assessment questionnaire (CAT) and safety was assessed by recording adverse drug reactions. RESULTS: Both theophylline and doxofylline produced significant improvements in PFT and CAT Score at 6 weeks and 12 weeks within their respective groups. But when compared between the two groups, there was no significant improvement. The number of ADR in theophylline group is higher compared with doxofylline group patients. The most common adverse effect observed in both groups was dyspepsia CONCLUSIONS: Doxofylline is equally efficacious and has a better safety profile when compared to theophylline thus becomes a safer alternative in the treatment of Grade 1-2 COPD (GOLD Criteria)

Effectiveness of weighted ankle cuff in improving balance in persons with multiple sclerosis

INTRODUCTION : Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system affecting myelin, Oligodendroids and axons1. Multiple sclerosis is the most common progressive neurologic disease in young adults2. And is usually diagnosed between the ages of 20-40 years. Compromised neural functioning leads to both sensory and motor dysfunction and thus contributes to problems with balance, co-ordination, postural control and walking mechanics. OBJECTIVE : To evaluate the effect of weighted ankle cuff training programme on improving balance in persons with multiple sclerosis. PARTICIPANTS : 15 Subjects with multiple sclerosis – both sexes METHODS : 15 multiple sclerosis subjects were randomly assigned into experimental group that received ankle weighted cuff training with frequency of 5 times per week, with a total duration of 4 weeks. The outcome measure is Berg Balance Scale. RESULT : After 4 weeks of weighted ankle cuff training, there was significant improvement in balance (p<0.005). CONCLUSION : Weighted cuff training, would be effective in improving balance in multiple sclerosis

Structural modification of phloic rays in Hevea brasiliensis with reference to tapping panel dryness and stimulation

Hevea brasiliensis, the prime source of natural rubber, when tapped intensively showed the symptoms of gradual cessation of latex flow from the tapping wound and this phenomenon is termed as tapping panel dryness (TPD), leading to a number of structural deformations in the bark tissues. The unproductive bark thus formed due to TPD is subjected to ethephon stimulation resume latex flow for a period. The study was initiated to trace the structural modifications occurred in phloic rays as an alternative route for translocation under necessity. The dimension of phloic rays also showed significant variation in TPD trees in comparison with both healthy stimulated trees. A decrease in length and an increase in width of phloic rays were evident in TPD affected trees over healthy trees. Average height of ray (µm) in the bark of healthy, TPD affected, unaffected zone above the TPD affected area and TPD panel under ethephon was 495, 259, 416 and 285 respectively. In healthy trees, 57 per cent of the rays fall in the stratified height class of 300-500 µm but in TPD trees, 78 per cent of the phloic rays is having a height less than 300 µm. The average width of the ray measured 56.81 and 74.25 µm respectively for healthy and TPD trees. In healthy trees 61 per cent of the ray falls under width strata of 40-60 µm and in TPD trees 68 per cent is in the 60-80 and 24 per cent in 80-100 µm width strata. For the production of latex from unproductive bark of TPD tree on stimulation, adequate nourishments is being mobilized to the site of action by strengthening radial transport system in the affected area

Immmunohistochemical Expression of Survivin in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) indicates a heterogenous group of different epithelial malignancies that arise from uncontrol led growth of epithelial cells. The poor prognosis of oral cancer is due to several reasons such as late stage diagnosis, low response to current therapeutic strategies, primary site recurrence, high rate of metastasis to regional lymph nodes etc. which has strongly recommended the need to improve the diagnostic capabilities. Assessing the tumor behaviour at the molecular level will help in initiating appropriate management there by reduc ing the morbidity associated with malignancy. Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptotic protein that has multiple pathways regarding the regulation of cell division, modulation of apoptotic and non apoptotic cell death, the maintenance of cell proliferation an d resistance to various anticancer therapies. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of survivin in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 40 samples were examined for the immunohistochemical expression of survivin. The control group included 10 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of normal oral mucosa. The study group included 30 cases of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of oral squamous cell carcinoma (10 cases of well differentiated, 10 cases of moderately differentiated and 10 cases of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma). Serial sections of 3micron thickness were made from each sample and stained with survivin antibody. The intensity of staining and area of staining for survivin was assessed and scored. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Comparison of Intensity of Staining of Survivin showed a significant statistical difference between normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Comparison of Area of Staining of Survivin also showed a significant statistical difference between normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma. On comparing the staining intensity of survivin between the different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, there was a significant statistical difference. Similarly, on comparing the area of staining of survivin between the different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma, there was again a significant statistical difference. CONCLUSION: Based on the present study, we conclude that survivin can be used as an important diagnostic and prognostic marker in future for cancer therapy

Unna's boot in non-healing ulcer

INTRODUCTION: The lower limb ulcers are one of the challenging diseases among the surgeons. Because of its varied etiology, disease manifestations and different proposal in the treatment, makes it a nemesis for the treating physicians. Venous disease causing venous ulcer in the lower limb is a common finding but usually causes limited morbidity in majority of patients. However the patients develop skin changes and ulcerations leading to pain and discomfort which necessitates treatment at frequent interval. This imposes financial burden on the patient as well as on health care systems. The prevalence of venous disease has been studied in considerable number of epidemiological surveys. However the exact prevalence could not be made out due to various reasons. Leg ulcers are approximately 0.5% of the world population and 2.5 million in United States. Approximately 70% are caused by Chronic Venous Insufficiency. About 20 to 25% are due to arterial or mixed disease. Exact prevalence and incidence of leg ulcers could not be determined because they are reported as a complication of underlying systemic disease and not reported separately. While the exact prevalence of leg ulcers are unclear, the impact of these ulcers on health care system and patient is becoming increasingly evident. The cost of treatment of venous ulcer alone is estimated to be one billion dollar per year in United States. The non healing ulcers of the lower extremity are multifactorial in origin. They usually develop as a result of skin and tissue changes caused by CVI and the associated ambulatory venous hypertension. The prevalence of venous ulcerations increases with age in both men and women. This probably because of fact that as venous diseases progresses throughout the life and hence most of the patients reach the point at which an ulcer develops. The reason for ulcer in old age was due to, limited mobility associated with degenerated joint diseases and poor wound healing. The usual site of venous ulcer is above the medial malleolus, the gaiter’s area because the ambulatory venous pressure is more in this area and the gravity is also high in this area. The severity of impairment of venous physiology of the lower limb is mainly measured by the ambulatory foot vein pressure which helps in assessing the severity of the venous reflux. Management of these venous ulcers include thorough History, clinical examination to put the disease in probable etiology and investigations for proper diagnosis and treatment and to give the best possible outcome of the disease, and more importantly to prevent recurrence in long term disease management. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To analyse and study the epidemiology of age, sex, incidence of non healing ulcers of lower limb in Thanjavur Medical College. 2. To study about the correlation between the occupation and the type of non – healing ulcers among the patients. 3. To study about the incidence of various types of non–healing ulcers and their duration. 4. To analyse about the conservative management of Unna’s Boot in various non–healing ulcers and their response to the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: About 60 clinical cases of non – healing ulcer of the lower limb admitted in Thanjavur Medical College and Hospital during the period of 18 months from January 2011 to June 2012 were selected. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Non – healing ulcer patients of lower limb were selected. 2. Previous interventions either surgical or conservative management were included. 3. Patient should be ambulant. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Not giving consent for treatment modality used in the study. 2. Non – healing ulcer turning into malignancy are excluded. 3. Non – healing ulcer of arterial diseases are excluded. 4. Superficial skin infection turning into ulcer are excluded. 5. Patients with heart failure or debilitating general conditions of etiology other than non – healing ulcer are excluded. 6. If patients are of diabetic, if arterial system are involved, then the patients are excluded from the study. 7. Patients allergic to components used in the Unna’s boot are also excluded from the study. CONCLUSION: The analytical study revealed that among the 60 patient studied, most of the patients were in fourth and fifth decade. It is found that, eventhough the patient become symptomatic somewhat earlier, the ulcer manifest in the late stage. Hence it is become evident that the prevalence of leg ulcer increases with advancing age. 1. The incidence of non healing ulcer is greater in men than women in contrast to the other western studies where there is female predominance. 2. The mainstay of occupation of the patient population in this study is agriculture and manual work. Hence the incidence of ulcer appears to be more in this group of occupation. 3. The occupation correlation with ulcer etiology holds good in this study also as most of the venous ulcer patient are tea master, conductor, cook etc., whose occupation needs prolonged standing. 4. Most of the patients had ulcer in one lower limb, among them most of the patients had on left side are of venous etiology. 5. Most of the patients have ulcers for duration of around five years. The ulcers with longer duration are probably has venous etiology. 6. In the present study most of the diabetic ulcers are infected with organisms. The prevalent organisms are E.coli and Klebsiella. The sensitive antibiotic was mostly fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. 7. Unna’s boot was applied in all the patients in the study and followed up for around six months. Patient with non healing venous ulcer showed superior and quick healing. 8. Patient with diabetic ulcer responded little later. However there is a complete wound control and required additional treatment like split skin graft to cover the rest of wound in some patients. 9. Patient’s compliance was poor in the initial part of the treatment, but once the patients were educated properly, the compliance improved. 10. Since daily dressing or frequent interval of dressing is not needed, it becomes more appropriate for patients with low intelligent quotient, who keep dressing for long time. 11. Follow up of patients revealed that there is no recurrence of ulcer, implying the importance of compression therapy for non healing ulcers. For diabetic patients, the glycemic control along with compression therapy is still more helpful in managing and preventing the recurrence. 12. In case of non healing ulcer, the management should include not only to heal the ulcer but also to prevent the recurrence. Unna’s boot except for its poor compliance and sensitivity to skin, it plays a major role in wound healing. Patients need to be on periodical review for prevention of recurrence and proper management